مولوی محمد مبین کیفیؔ چریاکوٹی
دوسرا حادثہ مولوی محمدمبین صاحب کیفی چریا کوٹی کی وفات کا ہے، وہ ہندوستان کے قدیم نامور عالم اور مولانا شبلی کے استاد مولانا فاروق صاحب چریا کوٹی کے لڑکے تھے اور اس دور کے مشہور شاعر اور اہل قلم تھے، انھوں نے عربی کی تعلیم اپنے والد سے پائی تھی مگر شعر و ادب کی جانب رجحان زیادہ تھا، اس لیے اسی حیثیت سے زیادہ مشہور ہوئے، ایک زمانہ میں انھوں نے العلم کے نام سے ایک رسالہ بھی نکالا تھا، ان کا تعلق مختلف اداروں سے رہا، مگر طبیعت میں استقلال نہ تھا، اس لئے کوئی کام جم کر نہ کرسکے، آج سے دس پندرہ سال قبل ہندوستانی اکیڈمی الٰہ آباد سے ان کا تعلق تھا، اس زمانہ میں انھوں نے جواہر سخن کے نام سے چار ضخیم جلدوں میں اردو شعراء کا مسبوط تذکرہ مرتب کیا جو چھپ کر شائع ہوگیا ہے، اب کی سب سے بڑی علمی یادگار یہی ہے اس کے علاوہ متفرق مضامین ہوں گے، کچھ دنوں تک مسلم یونیورسٹی کے کسی شعبہ میں رہے تھے، آج کل اٹاوہ میں تھے کہ وہیں یکم اکتوبر کو انتقال کیا ان کی موت سے چریا کوٹ کے عباسی خاندان کی آخری علمی یادگار مٹ گئی، اﷲ تعالیٰ اپنی مغفرت سے سرفراز فرمائے۔
(شاہ معین الدین ندوی، اکتوبر ۱۹۵۶ء)
Zoroastrianism is an ancient Iranian religion founded by an Iranian Prophet and scholar Zoroaster. It is claimed by some foremost scholars that this is the most ancient religion of the world which influenced the other major religions of the world like, Judaism, Christianity and Islam. The main source to know the Zoroastrianism is Avesta, Denkart and Bundahishn (sacred books) from which we know the terminologies and traditions of this religion. Main two spirits are Ahura mazda (god of pleasure and goodness) and Ahriman (god of evil) and seven more main spirits which are called as angels are Amesha spentas which show the actual spirit and direction of this ancient religion. Some of the concepts and traditions are same which exists in Islam but with different names and features, like prayers and matters after death, heaven and hell. In this article, main focus is on tradition and terminologies of this ancient religion to know its actual spirit to get the basic information and main themes for initial reader of this religion from Islamic theological pers-pective. No doubt, Zoroastrianism is one the amended religions exist on earth yet because of the similarity of various rituals with Islam. However, Zoroastrianism is being considered reve-aled religion and Zoroaster as true prophet of Allah.
Facile in situ synthesis of Graphene oxide–gold (GO–Au), graphene oxide-silver (GOAg) and reduced graphene oxide-ZnS (rGO-ZnS) nanocomposite has been reported. These composites were studied for their applications as (i) an adsorbent materials for the removal of some toxic industrial dyes from aqueous medium, (ii) as a catalyst for the individual and simultaneous reduction of mixture of dyes and nitro compound and as (iii) an antibacterial agent for the destruction of some harmful microorganisms existent in wastewater. Graphene oxide, GO was prepared using a modified Hummers method. Gold (Au), silver (Ag) and zinc sulphide (ZnS) nanoparticles were integrated on GO sheets by reducing Au+ ions, Ag+ ions and Zn++ ions on the surfaces of GO sheets using sodium citrate, sodium borohydride (NaBH4) and sodium sulphide in DMF as a reducing agent respectively. Prepared nanocomposites were extensively characterized for their morphology and composition using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), elemental dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infra-red (FT-IR) spectroscopy and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) techniques. All prepared nanocomposites demonstrated remarkable adsorption capacities and desorption for malachite green (MG) and ethyl violet (EV) dyes. Various experimental parameters affecting adsorptive behavior of nanocomposites such as temperature, pH, time of contact between dyes and adsorbent, and adsorbent dose were evaluated thoroughly. Experimental data was simulated with different adsorption isotherms and kinetic models to evaluate adsorption behavior of both dyes. Results confirmed that adsorption of both the dyes followed Langmuir adsorption isotherm in case of GO-Ag and Freundlich isotherm in case of GO-Au nanocomposite. Also, pseudo 2nd order kinetic model was found to be favorable in case of all nanocomposites. Moreover, adsorbent could be well regenerated in a suitable media for both dyes without any loss in removal efficiency. The catalytic performance for the reduction of 2-nitroaniline (2-NA) has been investigated in detail using GO-Au and GO-Ag nanocatalysts. Most importantly, nanocomposites under study showed simultaneous adsorption of cationic and anionic dyes from water and simultaneous catalytic reduction of a mixture of dyes (MG, MO, and EV) and 2-NA. Additional advantages of prepared nanocomposite were their iii antibacterial activities due to the presence of different metal/metal sulphide nanoparticles. Two bacterial strains (Gram-negative bacterium, E. coli and the Grampositive bacterium, S. aureus) were used to test antibacterial activity of composite and the results confirmed the remarkable performance of the nanocomposites in destroying harmful pathogens. So, considering the facile synthesis process and the multiple functions of all the nanocomposites, this work opens up a tremendous opportunity to use GO based nanocomposites in wastewater treatment and nanomedicines. Also, this work opens up a tremendous opportunity to bring GO based nanocomposites from experimental research to practically applied materials for wastewater treatment