مارنہیں پیار
زندگی میں انسان کو کئی حوالوں سے زندگی کا احساس دِلانا ہوتا ہے اور ثابت کرتا ہے کہ وہ شاہراہ حیات پر رواں دواں ہے خواہ وہ راستے خار دار جھاڑیوں سے پر ہو یا اس پر از ہارواثمار سے لدے درخت کی ٹہنیاں سر جھکائے محوِ حمدوثناء ہوں۔ زندگی مسائل سے بھری ہوئی ہو یا اس کی رنگینیاں ، رعنائیاں اظہر من الشمس ہوں۔ انسان کو کسی نہ کسی صورت میں ان سے واسطہ رہتا ہے۔ انسان کبھی خوش وخرم ہوتا ہے اورکبھی ناراضگی کے باعث اس کی پیشانی پرشکن واضح ہوتی ہے۔
زندگی میں انسان سے کوئی اچھاعمل سرزد ہوتا ہے تو اسے انعام و کرام سے نوازا جا تا ہے اور اگر اس سے کوئی خطا سرزد ہوتی ہے تو اس کو اس کی سزا بھگتنا پڑتی ہے، اچھے کام کی انجام دہی پراچھے صلے کا سزاوار ٹھہرتا ہے اور سہواً یا عمداً کوئی غلطی ہو جائے تو وہ سزا کا مستحق ٹھہرتاہے۔ دین اسلام میں بھی جزاء وسزاء کا تصور موجود ہے، عابد اور صالح مسلمان کے لیے وعدہ ٔحورو قصورموجود ہے۔ خاطی اور گنہگار کے لیے وعید جہنم کا تصور موجود ہے۔ اگر یہ تصور ختم ہو جائے تو حصول راحت کے لیے کی جانے والی مساعی جمیلہ کی چمک ماند پڑ جائے گی اور سزا کی طرف مائل ہونے والی حرکتیں اور اعمال سیٔہ کی کثرت ہو جائے گی’ ’مار‘‘ کا تصور موجود ہے اور ’’ پیار ‘‘ کا تصور بدرجہ اتم موجود ہے۔
یہ ہماری عظمت ہوگی ’’مارنہیں پیار‘‘ کو اپنے معاملات میں جب داخل کریں گے، اور محبت و شفقت کا وتیرہ اپنائیں گے تو اس خصلت حمیدہ کی آفاقیت سے کسی طور بھی صرف نظر نہیں کر سکتے۔ یہ اسلوب ایک طالب علم کے لیے فرحت بخش ثابت ہوگا۔ اگر چہ مار کے تصور سے تاریخ...
The research investigates the agglomeration pattern of seven national, international oil and gas extraction and production companies through an exploration of oil and gas cluster components and subcomponents. For this exploratory study, data is collected through primary sources via in-depth interviews from managers of national and international oil and gas MNCs working in Sindh, Pakistan and through secondary sources of business reports. The content analysis is adopted to analyze the data. Results of this study reveal that there is strong existence of exploration and production companies which results in agglomeration, however, other components of oil and gas cluster like refineries, marketing companies, supporting institutes, media and government poorly exist in Sindh province of Pakistan. Findings also highlight that the Sindh as a resource-rich region is still underdeveloped due to poor management of resources or because of the absence of ideal oil and gas cluster components and coordination among them in the region.
The allowed charge-changing transitions are considered to be the most general weak processes of spin-isospin ( ) form that play a crucial role in several nuclear processes. Equally important is their contribution in astrophysics, particularly in nuclear synthesis and supernovaexplosions. As per previous simulation results, weak interaction rates on fp shell nuclide are considered intensely signi cant for supernova physics. These transitions have significant in uence on the stellar core vis- a-vis controlling the lepton content (Ye) of stellar matter throughout the silicon shell burning stages of massive stars to the presupernova and core-collapse stages. Simulation of stellar events require Gamow-Teller (GT) strength distributions, preferably for hundreds of nuclei. Because of scarcity of experimental data, one is compelled to calculate GT strength distributions using microscopic theoretical nuclear models. The knowledge of measured GT strength should be broadened and theoretical attempts should be done to reproduce them and the charge-changing transitions of nuclei that are present far away from the stability line should be calculated. Therst-forbidden (FF) transition becomes important, in the circumstances where allowed charge-changing transitions are not favored, speci cally for neutron-rich (heavier) nuclide due to phase space considerations. In this thesis the deformed proton-neutron quasi-particle random phase approximation (pn- QRPA) theory was applied in stellar environment, for the investigation of allowed GT and uniquerst-forbidden (U1F) transitions (j Jj = 2) strength for a number of astrophysical important (medium heavy and heavy) nuclei. The calculated terrestrial beta-decay halflives (T1=2) values were compared with previous theoretical work and experimental results where it was concluded that the deformed pn-QRPA calculation are in decent comparison with measured data. The agreement of the calculated T1=2 values with the experimental data provide an idea about the correctness of the calculated weak-rates. The stellar weak interaction rates (GT and U1F) were computed over broad range of stellar temperature (0.01 GK { 30 GK) and density (10 { 1011 g/cm3) domain for astrophysical applications. viii We have compared the calculated weak-rates with previous other theoretical models compilations (wherever possible). Di erences were noticed with these previous models results and their impacts on the presupernova mechanism and for core-collapse supernova were discussed. In a recent study by Cole et al. [A. L. Cole, et al., Phys. Rev. C 86, 015809 (2012)], it was concluded that QRPA calculations show larger deviations and overestimate the total experimental GT strength. It was also concluded that QRPA calculated electron capture rates exhibit larger deviation than those derived from the measured charge-changing transitions strength. This work has probed the conclusion of the Cole et al. study and provides useful information on the performance of QRPA-based models. Ourndings showed that this is not the case for all type of QRPA models. In this work we did not assume Brink- Axel hypothesis as considered in previous shell models calculation. This made the current calculation unique and fully microscopic in nature. It is hoped that these microscopic compilations of stellar rates (allowed GT and U1F) will demonstrate enormous signi cance for core-collapse simulator worldwide. Our study suggests that the addition of rank (0 and 1) operators in FF transitions can further improve the comparison which remains unattended in this work.