The House Building Finance Corporation Limited Pakistan: A Sharia’h Appraisal of Ghar Aasan Flexi Scheme

The main purpose of this paper is to examine the Sharia’h appraisal of House Building Finance Corporation Limited. The House Building Finance Corporation was established in 1952 under the act of parliament to finance construction of houses in the urban areas of Pakistan. In this research Ghar Aasān (Flexi) product of HBFCL is examined from Sharia’h perspective and a comparison is made with Islamic Banking (Meezan Bank Limited) and Conventional Banking United Bank Limited (UBL). This study also comprises the opinion of Sharia’h experts for the shariah compliance of Ghar Aasān (Flexi) scheme.

Sensor Less Sensor-L Ess Control of a Permanent Perm Anent Magnet Synchronous Motor Using U Sing Svpwm-Based Svpwm Based Four Four-Switch Switch Three- -Phase Phase Inverter I Nverter

Permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSMs) are replacing induction motors because of their better performance in industrial applications. Due to the availability of fast DSP processors now-a-days complex control algorithms can be implemented efficiently. In conventional-drive circuits the six-switch inverter ruled for a long time because of the ease of its control; however, a four-switch inverter provides the cost effective efficient replacement. The dynamic model of a machine provides an insight into the dynamics of its operation and control. A PMSM has been modeled in Matlab Simulink in different frames of references and the model has been validated under different operating conditions. The space-vector algorithm of a six- switch three-phase inverter has been modified for the control of a four-switch three-phase inverter (FSTPI) by establishing the symmetry between the voltage space-vector planes of both inverters. A FSTPI exhibits the current-unbalancing problem because of the unbalanced voltage distribution across the capacitor. The current-unbalancing issue has been resolved by introducing a ‘duty waveform drift’ method. Artificial neural networks (ANNs) have been used to optimize the performance of a four-switch inverter. The detailed modeling of the space-vector technique for both the conventional and four-switch inverters has been presented. A PWM rectifier has been implemented using sinusoidal pulse width modulation and space vector pulse modulation to ensure that the drive maintains unity input power factor. A modified optimized space-vector algorithm, used for the inverter operation, has been introduced in the control of PWM rectifiers to ensure the best computational performance. There exist a number of control techniques for a PMSM: direct-torque control (DTC) and field- oriented control (FOC) have been investigated in detail for the proposed four-switch inverter. The flux, torque, speed and current controller designs for both the DTC and FOC are presented in detail and have been implemented on Texas Instruments’ digital signal processors using Matlab Simulink’ code generation facility. Because of the ANN based modules the designed digital system presents precise and accurate speed, current, flux and torque tracking with four- switch space-vector modulator up to 30-kHz sampling frequency. The ANN has reduced the implementation'' complexity of the speed and position estimator. The initial rotor-position detection has also been incorporated while collecting the data for the training of ANNs. The results have been presented for evaluating the performance of a controller with the proposed four-switch inverter and ANN based estimators.