ہم سے وہ بدگماں نہ ہو جائیں
کوششیں رائیگاں نہ ہو جائیں
اپنے اشکوں کو کب تلک روکوں
خوف یہ ہے رواں نہ ہو جائیں
یاالٰہی! یہ راحتیں اتنی
باعثِ امتحاں نہ ہو جائیں
اپنی آنکھوں کو آپ سمجھائیں
دل کی باتیں عیاں نہ ہو جائیں
پاس میرے نہ بن سنور کے آ
خواہشیں پھر جواں نہ ہو جائیں
راحتوں نے چھڑا لیا دامن
غم بھی نا مہرباں نہ ہو جائیں
قربتوں میں یہ ڈر رہا تائبؔ
اُن سے پھر دوریاں نہ ہو جائیں
The duty of issuance Islamic legal verdict is a great job because the Mufti is the successor of the Prophets of Allah. He explains the commands of Allah — permissible and prohibited acts—and stops the disputes among the followers. The focal aspects of this research paper are the questions: What are the required conditions to be a reliable mufti? What are the points of agreement and differences among the four major schools of jurisprudence — Hanafi, Maliki, Shafa’i and Hanbali? The most important area of this paper is the question: What are the protocols and etiquettes of the procedure of issuance of a fatwa, the legal verdict, in our contemporary societies. In the first part of this paper, the analytical evaluation of the arguments presented by prominent jurists of the four major schools of Islamic Jurisprudence. This part suggests some points to reset the preferences because it is the need of time. The second part of the paper opines a number of suggestions to improve the manners, etiquettes and protocols of the procedure on part of a mufti. A mufti, being a representative of the seat of the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him), is not only responsible to Allah Almighty but also to wellbeing, security, and peace among the members of our society.
Modeling, Analysis and Optimization of Vertical Handover Schemes in Heterogeneous Wireless Networks Vertical handover has emerged as a key component in the development of seamless con- nectivity framework for today’s heterogeneous wireless network environment with diverse access technologies. This work aims at enhancing the vertical handover experience for a multi-interface mobile node in a heterogeneous network environment and involves op- timization of both handover execution and pre-execution preparation. In this endeavor, we have (i) come-up with a new technique for handover execution, (ii) developed a new handover necessity estimation method for a mobile node moving into a WLAN cell, (iii) mathematically modeled handover triggering condition estimation for a mobile node mov- ing out of a WLAN coverage area, (iv) surveyed various techniques used for target network selection in a heterogeneous network environment, (v) surveyed and categorized handover execution techniques, (vi) suggested a criteria metrics for evaluation of handover execution techniques and (vii) analyzed the proposed handover execution technique against some of the parameters of the evaluation criteria metrics using NCTUns simulator. Finally, we have looked into some bleeding-edge vertical handover optimization techniques; particularly the utilization of RF coverage maps in handover decision process. The proposed vertical handover execution technique is an end-to-end, self-reliant scheme for a multi-interface mobile node, roaming in a heterogeneous network environment. The scheme neither requires rerouting nor the tunneling. Despite end-to-end signaling, the ser- vice disruption time is few milli-seconds as compared to hundreds of milli-seconds for existing techniques. The designed handover necessity estimation model, based on angle of arrival with respect to tangent, for limiting the unnecessary handovers and handover failures provides much better control than the existing model. Even at higher velocities, the deviation from the desired level is five times lower than the existing model. The sug- gested analytical model for handover triggering condition estimation for maximizing the connectivity with the preferred network, as opposed to existing models, does not make assumptions about the shape of the exit region and thus makes it more general. Perfor- mance of this model is identical to the existing model, which reveals that the choice of pdf of exit angle does not affect the performance of handover triggering condition estimationalgorithm. The study of target network selection schemes considers traditional horizon- tal schemes, their adaptation in a heterogeneous network environment, more sophisticated schemes and also the fuzzy logic and neural network based schemes. The information re- quired for each of the handover pre-execution decisions is identified and the methods for information collection are also studied. The detailed survey of vertical handover execution techniques is used for classification and identification of pros and cons associated with these diverse approaches. Use of RF coverage maps in handover decisions is a novel idea. Timely execution of the vertical handover with the help of RF coverage maps can ensure an uninterrupted communication for a multi-interface mobile node traversing the black spots. It has been demonstrated that this can help improve communication and optimize the handover process.