جو اُجلا تن نہیں تو کیا میں اُجلا من تو رکھتا ہوں
میں تشنہ لب ہوں آنکھوں میں مگر ساون تو رکھتا ہوں
اگرچہ تیرگی ہی تیرگی ہے چار سُو میرے
میں ایسی تیرگی میں بھی دلِ روشن تو رکھتا ہوں
مرے دامن میں رنج و غم کی ہے اشکوں کی دولت ہے
مجھے مت جانیے مفلس کہ ایسا دھن تو رکھتا ہوں
میں بستا شہر میںہوں پھر بھی صحرا سے مجھے نسبت
نہیں میں قیس تو کیا ہے میں پاگل پن تو رکھتا ہوں
میں اُن کو دل میں رکھتا ہوں جو تائبؔ دور رہتے ہیں
اگرچہ بے ہنر ہوں پھر بھی اتنا فن تو رکھتا ہوں
The Arabic language faces many hurdles in its expansion and progress in the non-Arab world internationally. This time our focus is the multi-lingual community Nigeria. Nigeria is a country of languages, where there are hordes of mother tongues (dialects) , an official language and then there is a religious language as well. It is very tough to focus on the Arabic language in this myriad of languages though; it enjoys a historic status and prestige there. A few reasons for this lack of focus on Arabic language Nigeria are as follow: 1. The British colonialism and its treacherous role to downplay the Arabic language. 2. To segregate Arabic from Muslim Ummah in Nigeria, the colonialists thus promoted English and French as official administrative languages. 3. Dearth of text books in Arabic at primary and secondary level. Moreover there are no well equipped language laboratories to develop Arabic in Nigeria. 4. The stranded economic state of the country. 5. The scarcity of Arabic press houses in Nigeria and lack of interest in the Arabic language by the general public. A few suggestions to promulgate and develop the Arabic language in Nigeria are as follow: a. Students’ attention needs to be drawn towards the Arabic language as a modern and rich language. For this all the available resources need to be exhausted. b. The Arabic language centres should be developed where proficient teachers should teach Arabic. The present faculty for Arabic should do refresher courses in Arabic to enhance their capabilities. c. The availability of Arabic text books to cater the various levels of the students is made possible. A committee should monitor the overall process and progress of Arabic language in Nigeria. d. The Nigerian government should play an active role in the development and progress of the Arabic language in Nigeria
A population of lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) was investigated in this research for changes in metabolite profiles in the leaves of different ages i.e. penultimate (second fully expanded leaf from the top), middle (a leaf from the central position of a tiller) and bottom (a lowermost green leaf on a tiller) with changing seasons round the year for two consecutive years (2010-2011). Measurements were made for some primary and secondary metabolites while the essential oils profile of leaves was analyzed using GC-MS. The photosynthetic pigments displayed sharp variations in the leaves of different ages with changes in the environmental conditions. Higher chlorophyll a, b and carotenoid were recorded during summer months. The accumulation trends of osmolytes in lemongrass showed notable seasonal variation. The accumulation of total free amino acids, free proline and GB were higher during summer months. The antioxidant enzymes minimized the effect of oxidative damage by scavenging H 2 O 2 and reuced MDA contents in extreme environmental conditions especially during summer. The younger leaves of lemongrass exhibited much higher concentrations of vitamins as compared to bottom leaves. The secondary metabolites i.e. alkaloid, phenolic and flavonoid contents in lemongrass leaves were markedly increased with increased temperature. Seasonal variation affected the nutritional profile of lemongrass substantially. The production of NDF ADF, ADL, cellulose and starch was greater during summer. Cellulose and silica contents were higher in bottom leaf possibly due to plant aging. Starch content was higher in penultimate leaf, which declined with leaf age. Mineral concentration of lemongrass appears to be largely dependent on temperature and evapotranspiration. The GC-MS analysis of lemongrass oil carried out in the leaf samples collected during January, April, July and October revealed that out of 54 compounds analyzed, neral, citral, geranial, allerthin, caryophyllene oxide were major ones synthesized in various sesasons.