اسلامی تعلیمات کی روشنی میں خواتین کی مثبت سرگرمیاں کا تجزیاتی مطالعہ

The status, empowerment and dignity of woman in Islam is the crucial topic in the modern times. According to Islamic point of view, men and women have been created from a one soul. The main difference between them lies in the physical structure. A woman has to bring up, train and look after kids, which is the complicated task to civilize a nation. The issue of woman`s activities in Islam, is misunderstood and distorted due to misreporting of western media and misbehavior of some Muslim families. There is a large number of women scholars in Islamic history, Dr. Akram Nadwi has compiled the biographies of ten thousand female scholars in his commendable book of forty volumes. In educational system of Islam, a woman is completely free to perform educational activities for development of her nation. In social system of Islam, a woman is honored as mother, as daughter, as sister and as wife. The first converter to Islam was a woman, “Hazrat Khadijah (R.A)”. Hazrat Ayesha (R.A) was great scholar who reported many traditions from Holy Prophet( SAW). Many female Companions of Holy prophet( SAW) have performed great deeds even in the field of battlefield. There is a strong basis in Islamic history for women`s participation in positiveand constructive activities in every walk of life. Muslim women are allowed to perform research, educational, national,  religious, social, and financial and other constructive activities. In this research paper, Islamic overview has been described upon positive and constructive activities of women in the light of Islamic teachings.

Capital structure and corporate governance: evidence from Pakistan

Capital structure is the ratio of debt and equity. This study determines the key contributors of an optimal capital structure. To better analyze the capital structure, corporate governance (via the three categories of ownership structure, namely insider ownership, institution ownership and individual ownership) is included. This element helps understand the presence of agency costs and the role of management in deciding the capital structure of a firm. A panel data set since 2005-2014 of 249 non-financial companies listed on the Pakistan Stock Exchange has been used. To best handle the data set, Generalized Method of Moments (0MM) technique is used. The results suggest that the ownership categories of insider ownership, institution ownership and individual ownership when taken at lag (with market leverage being the dependent variable) are statistically significant and negative. Variables such as Return on Assets (ROA), Tobins Q, Tangibility and Product Market Share are statistically significant when book value of leverage is the dependent variable. Altman Z Score, which measures risk, is the only variable that is statistically significant and negative when the dependent variable (book or market value of Leverage) is used. In the case of speed of adjustment, the variables yield similar results in fixed and random effects. The ownership categories continue to be positively significant contributors to the adjustment.Moreover, the current liabilities variable is also a negative significant contributor to this adjustment variable. The stakeholders of this study are the firm owners and investors. The primary aim of this study is to provide valuable policy directives for all the concerned stakeholders. The presence of atzency costs and its resulting impact on the firms' capital structure would help the management to tackle their issues better