انسانی دودھ کی خرید وفروخت اور رضاعت کے مسائل

This paper discusses the Islamic jurisprudence as well as the scientific stance regarding breast feeding. Breast feeding is a natural gift for a new born baby, which not only nourishes the infant but also provides great immunity to him. The new scientific research has clarified its importance by calling it the most essential element giving natural immunity that keeps a child healthy and free of diseases. Many developed countries have started “Human Milk Banks” as we have blood banks here. The Human Milk banks provide milk which is like natural food to deprived infants. By taking the milk from “Milk Banks” it creates serious moral and religious problems in the context of motherhood and family relations. This can even cause problems like declaring “Hurmat-e-Nikᾱḥ”. In this paper such issues are elaborated in the light of Qur’an, Sunnah and Islamic jurisprudence.

Isolation and Identification of Polyhydroxy Alkanoates Accumulating Bacteria from Sugar-Cane Industry Waste

Polyhydroalkanoates (PHAs) are polyesters that are synthesized by different microorganism and stored as granules in microbes. They are used as a food under starvation. Studies have shown that physical properties of different PHAs resemble significantly to the petroleum based plastics and polyethylene. Additionally, microbial PHAs can be spun, mould and converted into filaments. On the other hand, PHAs are biodegradable material. Such promising features make PHAs as a potential candidate for next generation plastic as it will reduce the pollution caused by the petroleum based plastics. However, PHAs are costly as compared to the different petroleum based plastics. Therefore, researchers are trying to identify new microbes that may produce high amount of PHAs from waste carbon sources. They can accumulate high concentration of PHAs. During the crushing season sugar industries are producing tones of organic waste, specifically they are draining a considerable amount of sugar in canals. This can be a source of food for different types of bacteria, specifically for PHA accumulating bacteria. In this study, different PHAs accumulating bacteria were identified from the swage of sugar industry waste. Five soil and sewage samples were collected and stored at room temperature. For isolation and identification of PHAs accumulating bacteria, Samples were allowed to grow on LB agar medium plates supplemented with 1% Nile blue A. Different concentrations of Nile blue A were used for different incubation periods and colonies were screened. All these colonies were observed under ultraviolet light; PHAs accumulating bacteria were showed bright orange color inflorescence while non PHAs accumulating bacteria appeared white. The PHAs accumulating bacteria were selected and then amplified for 16S rRNA gene sequencing through PCR. In this study we have identified five PHAs accumulating bacteria from the waste of sugarcane industry by using the chemical and sequence analysis. These bacteria can be used for the laboratory and large scale production of different types of PHAs.