سید محسن الحکیم
یہ سطریں زیر تحریر تھیں کہ عراق کے مجتہد اعظم آقائے سید محسن الحکیم کی وفات کی خبر ملی، وہ شیعوں کے سب سے بڑے مذہبی پیشوا اور اعلم کے منصب جلیل پر فائز تھے، مذہبی امور میں ان کا فیصلہ حرف آخر کا حکم رکھتا تھا، جس کے سامنے پوری شیعی دنیا سرتسلیم خم کرتی تھی، علمی حیثیت سے وہ دنیائے اسلام کے نامور علماء میں تھے اور سنیوں میں بھی عزت و احترام کی نظر سے دیکھے جاتے تھے، انھوں نے اپنے فرقہ کی بڑی مفید علمی و دینی خدمات انجام دی ہیں، اسی کے ساتھ وہ اتحاد اسلامی کے بھی قائل تھے اور شیعہ سنی اختلاف کو ناپسند کرتے تھے، اﷲ تعالیٰ ان کو اپنی رحمت و مغفرت سے سرفراز فرمائے۔
سنیوں کے یہاں اس قسم کا کوئی منصب نہیں ہے، جس کو پوری سنی دنیا ماننے پر مجبور ہو، اس کانتیجہ یہ ہے کہ ان میں ہر شخص مجتہد ہے اور جن کو نہ صرف دینی علوم سے کوئی واقفیت نہیں بلکہ مذہب سے بھی عملاً کوئی علاقہ نہیں، ان کو بھی اجتہاد کا دعویٰ ہے، چنانچہ آج کل ایسے بہت سے مجتہد اور مفسر قرآن ملیں گے جو عربی کی ابجد سے بھی واقف نہیں، ان کام یہ ہے کہ جو نیا قالب نظر آئے اسلام کو اس میں ڈھالنے کی کوشش کریں، ان کے اجتہاد کے عجیب و غریب نمونے آئے دن نظر آتے رہتے ہیں، اور اس تخریب کا نام انھوں نے اسلامی خدمت رکھا ہے، شیعوں کے نظام میں اگرچہ تنگی ہے، لیکن مذہبی ضبط و نظام کے نقطۂ نظر سے بہت مفید ہے۔ (شاہ معین الدین ندوی، جون ۱۹۷۰ء)
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a widespread organism, caused severe nosocomial infection in human and associated with multiple drug resistance (MDR)Objective: The present study was carried out to observe current antimicrobial resistant pattern of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Lahore and to detect the Metallo-beta-lactamase (MBL) gene in carbapenem resistantPseudomonas aeruginosaMethods: By screening 360 samples total 123 Pseudomonas aeruginosa was identified by standard microbiology techniques such as microscopy and biochemical testing. The isolated Pseudomonas aeruginosa was evaluated for drug resistance by disc diffusion method and polymerase chain reaction(PCR) was used to identify the carbapenem resistance causing gene (bla-VIM and bla-IMP) Results: Following antibiotic resistant pattern was observed, Gentamycin (59.00%), Ceftazidime(58.7%), Ceftriaxone (58.00%), Cefotazime (57.0%) and Ciprofloxacin (55.00%). Resistance rates to carbapenem group of antibiotics is Doripenem (30.5%) Meropenem(31.0%) and Imipenem (28.0%). Out of 123 samples of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 28 isolates were found resistant to carbapenem group of antibiotic which was supposed to be highly sensitive for this bacterium. Molecular based identification of resistance genes showed that bla-IMP gene was present in 32.1% (09) and bla-VIM was found positive in 17.8% (04) samples. Metallo-beta-lactamasesproducing genes (bla-VIM and bla-IMP), amongcarbapenem resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa were detectedin 28.1% of samples. If other carbapenem resistant gene were also included this number might be higherConclusions: PCRbased test should be included in routine laboratory examination for quick detection of the resistancecausing genes.
The “Influence of storage duration, harvesting stage and calcium treatment on the storage performance of apple cultivars” was conducted at Department of Horticulture, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Agricultural University Peshawar, Pakistan during the years 2007-10 to optimize the storage duration and calcium treatments for apple fruit. The fruit of apple (Pyrus domestica L.) cultivars: Royal Gala, Mondial Gala, Golden Delicious and Red Delicious were harvested at optimum maturity and stored at 5±1°C with 60-70% relative humidity. Physico-chemical changes in fruit were determined at 30 days interval during storage. Significant differences were observed among apple cultivars. Cultivar Red Delicious had the highest juice content (58.47%), TSS/Acid ratio (23.12), ascorbic acid (13.12 mg/100g), fruit firmness (5.98 kg/cm2), fruit density (0.82 g/cm3) as well as the least weight loss (2.22%) but also had the highest bitter pit (11.86%) and soft rot (13.53%) incidence. Titratable acidity was the highest (0.55%) in cultivar Mondial Gala and starch score was the maximum (5.22) in cultivar Golden Delicious. Storage resulted in significant increased in weight loss, total soluble solids, total sugar, pH, TSS/Acid ratio, bitter pit incidence and soft rot, while juice content, starch score, titratable acidity, ascorbic acid, firmness and density of fruit decreased with increasing storage duration. Physico-chemical characteristics of apple fruit varied significantly with harvesting stage and storage duration. The juice content (47.68%), total soluble solids (10.07), total sugar (9.31%), pH (3.71), TSS/Acid ratio (18.73), ascorbic acid (10.11 mg/100g) and soft rot (9.52%) recorded with early mature fruit, increased to 59.33%, 12.92, 12.98%, 4.23, 29.29, 12.50% and 15.22% accordingly in late mature fruits, while weight loss (3.34%), starch score (4.95), titratable acidity (0.59%), fruit firmness (5.88 kg/cm2), density of fruit (0.82 g/cm3) and bitter pit incidence (11.69%) recorded at early maturity stage, declined with delaying the harvesting to 1.93%, 3.21, 0.49%, 4.81 kg/cm2, 4.81 g/cm3 and 6.63% respectively at late maturity stage. Dipping in calcium solution declined the storage related changes but the influence was dependant on concentration as well as dipping duration. The juice content (60.63%), starch score (5.05), ascorbic acid (12.67 mg/100g), firmness (5.98 kg/cm2) and density of fruit (0.81 mg/100g) recorded in fruits dipped in 0% CaCl2 solution (control), increased to 64.34%, 5.68, 13.87 mg/100g, 6.54 kg/cm2 and 0.84 mg/100g accordingly in fruits dipped in 9% CaCl2 solution. By contrast, weight loss (1.95%), total soluble solids (12.01), total sugar (10.95%), TSS/Acid ratio (28.09), bitter pit incidence (15.18%) and soft rot (15.33%) incidence recorded in control, decreased to 1.31%, 11.88, 10.76%, 23.88, 3.80% and 2.10% in fruits treated with 9% CaCl2 solution. The starch score (5.30), firmness (6.13 kg/cm2) and density of fruit (0.82 mg/100g) recorded in fruits dipped for 3 minutes in CaCl2 solution, increased to 5.50, 6.49 kg/cm2 and 0.84 mg/100g accordingly in fruits dipped for 12 minutes in CaCl2 solution, whereas weight loss (1.81%), TSS/Acid ratio (27.21), bitter pit incidence (11.92%) and soft rot (7.07%) incidence recorded in fruits dipped for 3 minutes in CaCl2 solution, reduced to 1.41%, 25.27, 5.60% and 6.28% respectively in fruits treated CaCl2 solution for 12 minutes. It can be concluded that cultivar Red Delicious had superior quality but more susceptible bitter pit and soft rot with prolong storage. Harvesting at mid mature stage and calcium chloride (9%) treatment for 9 minutes resulted in enhanced storage performance.