Persecution of Press in Sindh: Case Study of Al-Waheed and Watan Newspapers during Political Movements, 1920-22

The purpose of this research was to study the persecution of press in Sindh during the currency of Pan-Indian political movements known as Khilafat and Non-Cooperation Movements, during 1920-22. In this regard the case study of two popular newspapers, Al-Waheed and Watan, were conducted to understand the mechanism of monitoring and controlling the newspapers in Sindh by the colonial rulers. The study explores the political landscape of Sindh in particular and India in general during those turbulent times as well as examines the state of journalism in the province at that time. With the help of the case study of two popular newspapers, the study highlights the mechanism adopted by the colonial government for monitoring and controlling the press in Sindh. In this regard the archival official records as well as translations of the critical articles published in those newspapers were accessed at the India Office Records (IOR) section of British Library, London. The methodology adopted for the current study mainly comprised historical, analytical and content analysis. The study concludes that the press in Sindh faced severe hardships at the hands of the British government through a coercive mechanism with active involvement and concurrence of all the capitals of Sindh’s governance, i.e. Karachi, Bombay, Delhi and London. The study is first of its kind that highlights the role played and sacrifices rendered by press in Sindh for the freedom of press during colonial rule in 192022. ______

The Effects of Syberbullying on Students Academic Achievement and Their Behavior at Higher Secondary Level

The purpose of the research was to find the effects of cyber bullying on students‟ academic achievement on their behavior. The objectives of the research were (1)To know about the level of cyber bullying in the students of higher secondary schools of Punjab.(2)To explore the possible effects of cyber bullying on student‟s behavior and academic achievement in the students of higher secondary schools of Punjab.(3)To find differences of effects of cyber bullying on students‟ academic achievement and behavior in terms of demographic variable in the student‟s s of higher secondary schools of Punjab.(4)To finds differences of effects of cyber bullying on the student‟s academic achievement and students‟ behavior in terms of their age.(5)To find differences of effects of cyber bullying on the student‟s academic achievement and student‟s behavior in terms of their class.(6)To find differences in the effects of cyber bullying on the student‟s academic achievement and students‟ behavior in terms of their area/location.(7)To find differences in the effects of cyber bullying on the student‟s academic achievement and students‟ behavior in terms of their parents‟ monthly income. Research was mix method . Multistage random sampling method was used Total 2160 students and 48 teachers from 6 districts were selected as sample .A questionnaire and Semi structured interview was developed by the researcher .Questionnaire and Semi structured interview was piloted Cronbach‟s alpha coefficient of reliability was 0.72, 0.70 and 0.73 . The data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics result shows that Cyber bullying has more effects on students‟ academic achievement as compared to their behavior. There are no significant effects of cyber bullying on students‟ academic achievement and on their behavior in terms of their gender, area/location and class, their behavior in terms of their age and parents‟ income. The qualitative data obtained from teachers concludes that students are well aware of cyber bullying. Cyber bullying equally affects boys and girls of public sector higher secondary schools.