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Home > حکام وعمال کی اہلیت اور ذمہ داریاں: ابن ابی الربیع کی ’’سلوک المالک‘‘ ابوالحسن الماوردی کی ’’الاحکام السلطانیہ‘‘ اور ابن تیمیہ کی ’’السیاسة الشریعة‘‘ کا تجزیاتی مطالعہ۔

حکام وعمال کی اہلیت اور ذمہ داریاں: ابن ابی الربیع کی ’’سلوک المالک‘‘ ابوالحسن الماوردی کی ’’الاحکام السلطانیہ‘‘ اور ابن تیمیہ کی ’’السیاسة الشریعة‘‘ کا تجزیاتی مطالعہ۔

Thesis Info

Author

علی حسن

Supervisor

محمد شہباز منج

Program

Mphil

Institute

University of Sargodha

City

سرگودھا

Language

Urdu

Keywords

حاکمیت اور حکمران , نوٹ , یہاں وہ مقالات درج ہیں جن میں مختلف شخصیات کا مجموعی تذکرہ شامل ہے۔

Added

2023-02-16 17:15:59

Modified

2023-02-19 12:20:59

ARI ID

1676732721999

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پنڈت جواہر لال نہرو

آہ! لعلِ شب چراغِ ہند
[پنڈت جواہر لال نہرو]
افسوس ہے آخر وہی ہواجس کاچند مہینوں سے کھٹکا لگاہوا تھا،یعنی ۲۷؍ مئی کو ہمارے ملک کے محبوب وزیر اعظم پنڈت جواہر لال نہرو ۷۴ بر س کی عمر میں اِس دنیا سے رخصت ہوگئے اور پورے ملک کوماتم کدہ بناگئے۔ دنیا میں عام طور پربڑے آدمی دوقسم کے ہوتے ہیں، ایک وہ جو دماغ اورذہن کے اعلیٰ کمالات و اوصاف کے حامل ہوں اور دوسرے وہ جو قلب ونظر کے پاک اوراُن کی خوبیوں اور اچھائیوں کے جامع ہوں، ایسے لوگ بہت کم ہوتے ہیں جواِن دونوں قسم کے کمالات سے سرفراز ہوں۔ پنڈت جی کسی تیسری قسم کے بڑے لوگوں میں سے تھے، اُن کی زندگی سب لوگوں اورخصوصاً نوجوانوں کے لیے سرتاپا درس عبرت تھی۔ وہ ایسے گھرانہ میں پیدا ہوئے جہاں خدا کادیا کیا کچھ نہیں تھا،بالکل عنفوانِ شباب میں جب وہ انگلینڈ سے اپنی اعلیٰ تعلیم ختم کرکے وطن واپس آئے توحسن و شباب ،اعلیٰ تعلیم،بے پناہ دولت وثروت ،اعلیٰ خاندان اور وجاہت غرض کہ مادی اسبابِ عیش وتنعم میں سے ایسی کون سی چیز تھی جواُن کے پاس بافراط موجود نہ ہو، اوراس لیے زمانہ کے عام مذاق کے مطابق ان کے لیے بہت آسان تھا کہ ’’بابر بعیش کوش کہ عالم دوبارہ نیست‘‘ کے فلسفہ پرعمل پیراہوتے اور اپنی زندگی کوخیّام کی خیالی جنت کے مادی پیکر میں گزار دیتے ۔لیکن ۱۹۱۶ء میں جب پہلی مرتبہ ان کی ملاقات مہاتما گاندھی سے ہوئی تو اس پیرِدانا کی پہلی نگاہ نے اِس نوجوان کی آرزؤوں اورتمناؤوں کی دنیا میں ایک انقلابِ عظیم پیداکردیا اوراس نوجوان نے اُسی وقت پھولوں کی سیج اور شبستانِ عیش کے بجائے اپنے لیے خار زار آلام و مصائب اور قید ومحن کی راہ کاانتخاب کرلیا،اوراپنا سب کچھ اس کے لیے قربان کردیا۔اُس زمانہ میں پنڈت جی یاکسی...

عبد الرحمن الكيلاني وكتابه مترادفات القرآن مع الفروق اللغوية

This article deals with “Synonymy” in Arabic. Generally “Synonymy” is a radical source which keeps language more advanced and developed. The “Synonymy” has gained attention of early Arabic linguists’ and scholars while compiling the sacred language data, for instance two major linguists Abū al-Mālik ibn Qutaybah al-Asma’i and Ibn Khalawayh focused on synonymity of words, eventually they considered memorisation of synonym words as a mark of pride. On the other hand, some other linguists like Abu al-‘Abbās Aḥmed ibn Yaḥy al-Thalb and Abū ‘Alī al-Fārisī have denied the existence of synonymity in Arabic language altogethers. After all, the “Synonymity” of words is considered as a linguistic phenomenon in all languages generally and in Arabic language particularly. A renowned great scholar ‘Abdul Raḥmān al-Kilānī paid countless attention to this linguistic phenomenon and wrote the book the of one is which“مترادف القرآن مع الفروق اللغوية”: entitled comprehensive reference books in the field. He studied Quranic synonyms with their meanings systematically. The article addresses the concept of synonymity with a brief historiography as well as what ‘Abdul Raḥmān al-Kilānī's book brought us in this field.

Yield Forecasting of Wheat Triticum Aestivum L. for Different Irrigation and Nitrogen Levels Using Simulations and Satellite Imagery

Accurate and near real time wheat yield forecasting is important for policy makers and agricultural markets of Pakistan. Efficient and less labour intensive techniques of yield forecasting are required to support stakeholders. Wheat productivity depends upon irrigation water, fertilizer availability and rainfall in Pakistan. The per capita per annum water availability in Pakistan has reduced to less than 1000 m3 and is expected to reach severe scarcity level during next decade. Irrigating crops without measuring water and proper management practices is not a viable option anymore. The current study was conducted to address both above mentioned issues at Post-Graduate Agricultural Research Station (PARS), University of Agriculture Faisalabad for two years during 2012-2013 and 2013-2014. Reducing the amount of irrigation volume was expected to affect nitrogen availability. Therefore, response of varying levels of nitrogen was also studied for reduced volume of water per irrigation. There were four irrigation levels (control with 300 mm water for whole growing season, 80% of control, 60% of control and 40% of control) and four nitrogen levels (60,120,180 and 240 kg ha-1). The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design with split plot arrangement. Irrigation treatments were randomized in main plots while nitrogen was kept as sub-plot factor and each treatment was replicated thrice. A model for forecasting wheat yield before time of harvest was developed and volume of water per irrigation was also optimized based on field experiment data. The results revealed that reducing irrigation volume from control to 80% did not reduce crop yield significantly. The response of nitrogen for 80% of control irrigation volume was same as for control treatment. Maximum wheat grain yield (4916 kg ha-1) was obtained with control irrigation and 180 kg ha-1 nitrogen (4743 kg ha-1) and it was at par with 80% of control irrigation with 120 kg ha-1 nitrogen (4461 kg ha-1) and 180 kg ha-1 nitrogen (4743 kg ha-1). To optimize both factors, DSSAT-CERES-Wheat was calibrated and evaluated. CERES-wheat model predicted the optimum level as 250 mm volume of water with 160 kg ha-1 nitrogen for whole growing season of wheat. The response of grain yield to nitrogen for different irrigation levels was quadratic. Quadratic equations predicted 240 to 242 mm water and 185 to 187 kg ha-1 nitrogen as optimum for whole growing season of wheat. The same experimental data was used for developing yield forecasting model of wheat before the time of harvest from Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI). Three satellites (QuickBird, Pleiades and GeoEye-1) and handheld Green Seeker were used to calculate NDVI. Random Forest was used to for modeling using grain yield as dependent variable while weather elements, irrigation, nitrogen and NDVI as independent variables. DSSAT-CERES-Wheat, calibrated on experimental data of 2012-13 was also used to forecast yield for 2013-14. The mean error percentage of grain yield prediction was less than 10% and 17.1% for remote sensing and CERES-Wheat, respectively. Random forest was further used to forecast yield of different districts of Punjab and Punjab province using MODIS NDVI and weather elements as independent variables in eight different ways. RMSE of the forecast results of the whole Punjab Province was 147.7 kg ha-1 and 148.7 kg ha-1 with mean error less than 5% using average and generic random forests, respectively. Forecasts of individual districts showed R2 of 0.95 with RMSE of 175.6 kg ha-1 and mean error of 5.86%. It is concluded from the study that reducing irrigation volume by 20% has no significant effect on grain yield of wheat and was helpful to save water. Near real time wheat yield forecasting using satellite imagery and crop models would be helpful for policy makers and stakeholders. Remote sensing using NDVI with random forest methodology and DSSAT-CERES-Wheat were good tools to predict wheat yield and both could be used in Pakistan.