کسی شخص کی جان کے خلاف کوئی جرم ہوا ہو ، تو پوری مماثلت کے ساتھ قصاص لیا جا سکتا ہے۔ اس کی دو اقسام ہیں:
1۔جان کے بدلے جان کا قصاص
جان کو قتل یا ختم کرنے والے کو ویسی ہی سزا دیں گے ۔ ایک شخص نے دوسرے کا قتل کر دیا۔ آپ قصاص میں اسے قتل کر دیں، جیسا کہ ارشاد باری تعالیٰ ہے
﴿وَكَتَبْنَا عَلَيْهِمْ فِيهَا أَنَّ النَّفْسَ بِالنَّفْسِ﴾158
"اور لکھ دیا ہم نے ان پر اس کتاب میں کہ جان کے بدلے جان کا (قتل ہے) "
احادیث کی روشنی میں درج ذیل اعضاء کا قصاص لیا جائے گا۔ جان کے بدلے جان کا خاتمہ
"عَنْ أَنَسٍ: أَنَّ يَهُودِيًّا رَضَّ رَأْسَ جَارِيَةٍ بَيْنَ حَجَرَيْنِ، فَقِيلَ لَهَا: مَنْ فَعَلَ بِكِ، أَفُلاَنٌ أَوْ فُلاَنٌ،حَتَّى سُمِّيَ اليَهُودِيُّ، فَأَوْمَأَتْ بِرَأْسِهَا، فَجِيءَ بِهِ، فَلَمْ يَزَلْ حَتَّى اعْتَرَفَ، «فَأَمَرَ النَّبِيُّ ﷺفَرُضَّ رَأْسُهُ بِالحِجَارَةِ "159
" حضرت انس فرماتے ہیں کہ ایک یہودی نے ایک لڑکی کا سر پتھر پر پتھر رکھ کر کچل ڈالا ۔ لڑکی سے پوچھا گیا کہ تجھے کس نے مارا ہے ؟ فلاں نے یا فلاں نے ؟ جب اس کے سامنے یہودی کا نام لیا گیا تو لڑکی نے سر کے اشارے سے یہودی کی نشاندہی کی یہودی کو رسول اللہﷺ کی خدمت میں لایا گیا اس نے جرم کا اعتراف کیا ۔ اور آپ ﷺ کے حکم سے اس یہودی کاسر پتھر سے کچل دیا گیا ۔ "
2۔عضو کے بدلے عضو کا قصاص
قتل کرنے کے علاوہ کسی عضو کے کاٹنے پر بھی قصاص ہے۔اگر ایک شخص نے کسی کی ناک، کان کاٹا یا آنکھ نکالی تو بدلے میں دوسرے شخص کی ناک ، کان کاٹا یا آنکھ نکالی جا سکتی ہے،جیسا کہ ارشاد باری ہے
﴿وَالْعَيْنَ بِالْعَيْنِ وَالْأَنْفَ بِالْأَنْفِ وَالْأُذُنَ بِالْأُذُنِ وَالسِّنَّ بِالسِّنِّ وَالْجُرُوحَ قِصَاصٌ ﴾160
"اور آنکھ کے...
Background: Coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19), declared as a pandemic in March 2020, is an acute respiratory tract illness caused by coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV2) with clinical manifestations ranging from mild upper respiratory tract symptoms to severe pneumonia. Objectives: To determine the disease spectrum of Covid-19 in a cohort with a travel history from Iran. Materials & Methods: This cross-sectional study with a retrospective collection of data was conducted at Agha Khan University, Karachi from 15th March to 19th April 2020. One hundred and fifty-five laboratory-confirmed cases of Covid-19 were recruited from a government quarantine facility. Data were obtained from the Punjab Emergency Services (Rescue 1122) database where a record of SARS-CoV-2 positive cases and quarantined persons is maintained. Study subjects with a travel history to Iran were contacted by telephone to obtain information about demographics, symptoms, and co-morbid conditions. SPSS version 24 was used to analyze the data. Frequencies and percentages were calculated. Results: Among the returning travelers, 213 had laboratory-confirmed Covid-19, out of which 155 were included in this study. 56.1% were males with a mean age of 40 years. Among the study participants, 91.6% remained asymptomatic throughout the stay, while 8.4 % became symptomatic. 77.5% of the participants had received BCG vaccination in childhood. Among symptomatic cases 15.4% had asthma and 7.7% had hypertension. The most common clinical manifestation was cough which was present in 38.5% of the study participants. None died among the study participants. Conclusion: A mild presentation of COVID-19 was seen in our study participants with 91.6% among them being asymptomatic, while 8.4% were symptomatic. There was a high positivity rate in males as compared to females.
Child-centred teaching and learning approach is a progressive approach that demands for active participation of all children in the classroom process. Educationists and Professional Educational Institutions like IED are advocating for this approach. As a result, more and more teachers are being exposed to this progressive approach of teaching and learning. As teachers embrace this approach, one may wonder whether they are able to enhance the participation of all children, including the withdrawn ones in the classroom process. Therefore, apart from creating awareness about withdrawn children who may be forgotten, ignored and isolated in the classroom, this exploratory case study was also carried out to find out the opportunities that exist in the classroom that could enable and/or enhance the participation of the withdrawn children. This study describes the experiences of withdrawn/unresponsive children in and outside the classroom through detailed classroom observations, interviewing some of the teachers, the two case withdrawn children and parents to one of the case children, and through analysis of relevant documents. The study found out that, though the teacher I observed had been exposed to child-centered teaching and learning strategies, like group work, pair work, the use of role plays, drama, discussions etc., through professional development courses and through the H.A.S programme being propagated in the school by the H.A.S.-IED team, that could have been used to enhance classroom participation of all children including the withdrawn ones, she was unable to maximize the use of these strategies in the classroom. However, the findings suggest that the warm friendly relationship the teacher had with all children including the withdrawn ones in the classroom, which was shown in the way she related to them, indicated that the teacher valued, loved and respected all the children. This relationship may have enhanced the children's self-esteem, thus, leading to occasional interaction between the teacher and the children, hence, enabling the two withdrawn case children to participate.