فتح مکہ میں آنحضرت ﷺ کی حربی حکمت عملی

This article encompassed the Holy Prophet's (ﷺ) best war strategy in the conquest of Makkah and its relevance to the Modern society. The purpose of this article was to highlight the war strategy of Holy Prophet (ﷺ) in the conquest of Makkah. His strategy provided the noble example for warfare in modern world. The method used for research was historical. The review of literature revealed that the war, humanity for love the showed (صلى الله عليه وسلم) Muhammad Prophet of strategies concern for the safety of the lives and avoided bloodshed as far as possible. Because of his noble strategies, Makkan tribes surrendered without any resistance in front of the army of Islam. Consequently, (صلى الله عليه وسلم) Prophet Holy the and idolatry from freed became Makkah conquered the last and the most solid stronghold of the enemy. In Modern era, Muslim faced so many war problems. Through the war war the learn can commanders military, (صلى الله عليه وسلم) Prophet Holy of strategies ethics and overcome their problems. It is recommended to Muslim army that they should take guidance from the war strategy of Prophet pressure psychological putting by enemy defeat and (صلى الله عليه وسلم) Muhammad upon them.

Organotin Iv Complexes With O’O Donor Atoms from Carboxylic Acid Derivatives

In the present study, a series of tri- and diorganotin(IV) carboxylates have been synthe sized by the reaction of tri- and diorganotin(IV) chlorides/oxides with substituted phenylethanoic acids/salts and α-alkyl cinnamic acids/salts in dry toluene under reflux condition for 8-10 h. The ligands used were 4-Methoxyphenylethanoic acid (HL 1 ), 4- Nitrophenylethanoic acid (HL 2 ), 4-Chlorophenylethanoic acid (HL 3 ), 3-Methylphenyl ethanoic acid (HL 4 ), 3-(4-Bromophenyl)-2-ethylacrylic acid (HL 5 ), 3-(4-Bromophenyl) -2-methylacrylic acid (HL 6 ), 3-(4-Chlorophenyl)-2-methylacrylic acid (HL 7 ), 3-(4- Chlorophenyl)-2-ethylacrylic acid (HL 8 ), 3-(4-Nitrophenyl)-2-methylacrylic acid (HL 9 ) and 3-(4-Nitrophenyl)-2-ethylacrylic acid (HL 10 ). The composition, coordination mode of ligands, structural confirmation and geometry assignment of the complexes in solid and in solution states were made by different analytical techniques such as elemental analysis, FT-IR, multinuclear ( 1 H, 13 C and 119 Sn) NMR, mass spectrometry and X-ray single crystal analysis. Based on these results, the ligand appeared to coordinate the Sn atom via COO moiety. The triorganotin(IV) derivatives demonstrate polymeric trigonal bipyramidal geometry in solid state and a monomeric tetrahedral structure in solution. The diorganotin(IV) dicarboxylates have shown a distorted octahedral or skew- trapezoidal geometry in solid state, however, the coordination around Sn change from six to five in solution, in most cases. The interaction of (n-C 4 H 9 ) 3 Sn(IV)L, (CH 3 ) 3 Sn(IV)L, (n-C 4 H 9 ) 2 (IV)SnL 2 and (C 2 H 5 ) 2 Sn(IV)L 2 (where L = 4-nitrophenylethanoate) with DNA was investigated by cyclic voltammetry (CV). The positive peak potential shift in CV evidenced intercalative mode of interaction of these complexes with DNA. The CV results revealed the following increasing order of binding strength: (C 2 H 5 ) 2 Sn(IV)L 2 (8.5 x 10 3 ) < (n-C 4 H 9 ) 2 Sn(IV)L 2 (1.11 x 10 4 ) < (CH 3 ) 3 Sn(IV)L (1.39 x 10 4 ) < (n- C 4 H 9 ) 3 Sn(IV)L (1.46 x 10 4 ) M -1 . The negative values of ∆G designate the spontaneity of complex-DNA binding. Most of the synthesized complexes were screened for their antibacterial and antifungal activities against various medically important bacteria and fungi. The triorganotin(IV) derivatives have strong bactericidal and fungicidal action than diorganotin(IV) complexes with few exceptions. Some of the compounds were found to have antimicrobial activity comparable or even more than reference drugs and may be used as drugs in future. Some complexes have shown higher cytotoxicity(against iiBrine shrimp) than standard drug while only compound 10 was found stronger anticancer agent against human prostate cell lines(PC-3).