الفصل الأول: نازک الملائكة رائدة الشعر العربي الحُر الشاعرۃ الحزينة
المبحث الأول: مولدها ونشأتها
نازك صادق الملائکۃ شاعرۃ من العراق، ولدت في بغداد عام 1923، في بیئة علمیۃٍ وثقافیۃ، ونشأت في بیتِ علم و أدب، في رعایۃ أمھا الشاعرۃ سلمی عبدالرازق(أُم نزار الملاءۃ) وأبیھا الأدیب الباحث صادق الملائکۃ. ولدت في بغداد في(23) من شھر آب وکانت کبری أخواتھا۔ ثم درست الکثیر عن النحو العربي۔ ولقبت في البیت ب(الشاعرۃ) قبل أن تفھم معنی ھذہ الکلمۃ۔
وتتحدث نازك عن أمھا وأبیھا وتقول ’’کانت والدتي تنظم الشعر وتنشرہ في المجلاتِ والصحف العراقیۃ بإسم السیدۃ، وأبوھا کان ینظم الشعر، ولہ قصائد کثیرۃ، وکان أبوھا مدرس النحو في الثانویات العراقیۃ ، وکان شاعراً کبیراً أيضاً، وأیضاً أمھا کانت شاعرۃ معروفۃ أصدرت دیوان شعر في الثلاثینیات، اسمہ (أنشودۃ المجد) ووقعتہ بکنیتھا (أم نزار الملائکۃ)، كما کان خالاھا، جمیل وعبد الصاحب الملائکۃ، من الشعراء المعروفین أیضاً، وعرف عن شقیقھا الوحید، نزار الملائکۃ، المقیم في لندن بأنہ شاعر أیضاً . یتضح من ذلک أن الشاعرۃ نشأت في بیت علمٍ وأدبٍ۔
نشأتها
نشأت الشاعرۃ العراقیۃ في بيئة أدبیۃ، کان لھا تأثیر کبیر في نزوعھا نحو الشعر، ووالدھا صادق جعفر الملائکۃ کان رجلاً عملیاً وکان یُدَرِّس اللغۃ العربیۃ في المدارس الثانویۃ، وعندما بلغت نازک الملائکۃ الخامسۃ من عمرھا، فکر أبویھا علی أن یدخلاھا المدرسۃ، فاختارا لھا (الروضۃ التابعۃ للإبتدائیۃ المرکزیۃ في العاقولیۃ)، وتربت وترعرعت الشاعرۃ في بیتِ علمٍ وأدبٍ وثقافۃ من حیث الوالد والوالدۃ والأقرباء۔
Coetzee anticipates the moral dilemma of today's individuals, in order to achieve his aim torevert the current trends in moral philosophy which has marked morality with individual partialities. The morality of self/will has pervaded in the society with substantial philosophical argumentation as well. This research intends to study Dionysian morality in comparison with modern (Appolonian) principles of morality as presented by Coetzee. The research is planned to differentiate the two by presenting their roots with logical reasons; Nietzsche's conception of morality and the need of Freudian repression. In the context of Disgrace Coetzee developed his moral theory through circumstantial justice with such a force that all reasons given by Overman (Übermensch) of Nietzsche fail. The paper will unveil the relationship of power and the need for justice. Coetzee proves the importance of Freudian Repression Theory that makes everybody responsible for the concord in a society. The cultivation of Dionysian concept of life only brings disgrace to man, and such philosophies can only be supported when the individual is in power, vulnerability in the society makes man to understand the value of morality and exercise of proper judicial system. South Africal context of the novel situates the anticipation of Dionysian cult in more understanding way to the audience. To avoid social Darwinism, state institutions should come in action in order to ensure the equal power distribution among the masses. Uneven distribution of power creates only oppressors and victims in the society, which further lead society to chaos. Coetzee proves the importance of circumstantial justice over the institutional justice, as institutional justice can punish only but the transformation of transgressor only takes place with circumstantial justice and for the betterment of society, transformation provides better results than punishment because institutions do create a different power structures that also work to suppress people.
This study is a comparison between two female pioneer authors of the two important Islamic languages Arabic and Urdu. This study deals with the similarity between literatures of known phenomena, and we find this similarity very clearly in the literary works of known Arabic female writer Nawal El Saadawi and famous Urdu literary personality Fahmida Riaz, about whom this study speaks. The basis of this study is resemblance which is based on the association in the femininity and socio political similarities of woman due to same circumstances which the both countries Egypt and the Indian subcontinent passed through, like British occupation for a long period of time and similar psychological problems, whereas the characteristics of each literary era appear in the works of writers of that era regardless of their geographical location and their culture. This study will be very useful in the field of comparative studies in various parts of the world, and one day when it will come into being, it will provide solid bases to one another. I divided this study into four chapters: the first chapter named as "the feminism its concept and development in the Arabic Literature" and the second chapter is about "The feminism in works of Nawal El Saadawi," whereas the third chapter is about "the feminism in the works of Fahmida Riaz" and the fourth chapter deals with “comparative study of the works of Nawal El Saadawi and Fahmida Riaz." In the points of resemblance the researcher has found many similarities between these two writers for stance their self dependency and the way they suffered hardships of appearing before the courts because of their works. This study points out some of the differences between the two authors. In brief, the human natures are similar and their reaction is similar within their framework, whereas they wished for humanity a prosperous future and this wish is still latent in the human subconscious since ancient times. And since the man left heavenly paradise, his efforts are to convert this dream into reality by making earthly life paradise. The literary efforts of these two prominent authors target to achieve the same dream and that is to improve the human life to that extent.