پروفیسر خورشید الاسلام
پروفیسر خورشید الاسلام ۱۸؍ جون کو علی گڑھ کی خاک کا پیوند ہوگئے، اناﷲ وانا الیہ راجعون۔
وہ جولائی ۱۹۱۹ء میں مراد آباد اور بجنور کی سرحد پر واقع ایک گاؤں امری میں پیدا ہوئے، یہ اور مشہور شاعر اختر الایمان گہرے دوست تھے اور فتح پوری ہائی اسکول میں ساتھ ہی پڑھتے تھے اور دونوں اسکول کے مشہور ڈبیٹر اور بہترین مقرر تھے، بی اے کرنے کے بعد خورشید الاسلام صاحب کچھ عرصے رسالہ ’’آج کل‘‘ کے سب اڈیٹر رہے اور ۱۹۴۳ء میں ایم اے کرنے کے لیے علی گڑھ مسلم یونیورسٹی آئے، یہاں پھر اختر الایمان کا ساتھ ہوا اور دونوں ۱۹۴۴ء میں یونیورسٹی کی نمائندگی کے لیے حیدر آباد گئے اور ہفت روزہ اردو کانگریس میں شریک ہوئے، خورشید الاسلام صاحب ۱۹۴۵ء میں ایم اے کرنے کے بعد علی گڑھ یونیورسٹی کے شعبہ اردو میں لکچرر ہوگئے اور ۱۹۷۳ء میں پروفیسر ہوئے،اور جب پروفیسر آل احمد سرور سبکدوش ہوئے تو یہ صدر شعبہ ہوئے۔
مضمون نگاری شروع کی تو مولانا شبلی پر ہاتھ صاف کیا، مولانا پر ان کا یہ مضمون ان کی کتاب ’’تنقیدیں‘‘ میں شامل ہے، اس کا آغاز اس طرح کیا ہے ’’شبلی پہلے یونانی تھے جو مسلمانوں میں پیدا ہوئے‘‘ بعض لوگوں کا خیال ہے کہ یہ مضمون ان کی علمی شہرت کا باعث بنا اور مولانا ابوالکام آزاد نے اس کو بہت پسند کیا، ان کی سفارش پر خورشید صاحب کو لندن یونیورسٹی میں ملازمت مل گئی مگر راقم نے سنا ہے کہ مولانا نے ان کے نام ہی کو غلط قرار دیا کہ اس میں مضاف و مضاف الیہ دولسانی ہیں۔
بہرحال وہ لندن یونیورسٹی میں تدریسی خدمت پر مامور رہے اور آکسفورڈ یونیورسٹی سے شائع ہونے والی اردو انگریزی لغت کے اڈیٹر بھی مقرر ہوئے، انہوں نے یونیسکو پروجیکٹ کے تحت ’’غالبؔ۔ حیات اور...
Buddhism is dominated by such other characteristics as sympathy, pity, and kindness. Furthermore, it forbids all kind of cruelty, violence, murder, brutality, and giving pain to any living creature. However, contrary to his teachings, the way his followers have targeted the Rohingya Muslims with violence and atrocities only shows how little they follow Gautama Buddha. Right from the independence of Burma, Buddhists, declaring Muslims as a threat, started their genocide, which involved attacking their mosques, their homes, dishonoring Muslim women, and harassing the Muslims without any reason. This compelled Muslims to leave their homes and migrate. The recent wave of violence, starting in June 2012, seriously affected the Muslim majority province of Arakan. Keeping in mind, Arakan is one of the fourteen Burmese provinces, where Islam have ruled since the time of Isalmic Caliphate. Unfortunately, in 1784, Burmese Prince Bodo Phia violated this garden of Islam by carrying out Muslim genocide. He banned all symbols of Islam such as pilgrimage, sacrifice, prayers, Friday and Eid Prayers, and preaching. This study points out the religious problems and issues of Muslims believers in Arakan including its impact, causes and consequences on their lives. The analytical research Methodolgy has been adopted in this studty.
Loquat (Eriobotrya japonica Lindl.) is an important but ignored fruit crop of Pakistan for which no research work has ever been reported previously inside the country. There is no standard or identified loquat cultivar available to the growers for cultivation in the loquat growing pockets of Pakistan. Generally, the farmers grow their orchards through seeds. As a result, most of the loquat orchards do not possess the plants with uniform fruit characters and fruit is not of good quality. Previously no work has been reported regarding description of the loquat genotypes in Pakistan. The present study was, therefore, carried out to evaluate and characterize the available genotypes in the main loquat growing areas of Pakistan and to determine the genetic diversity among these genotypes. For this purpose, 9 sites were selected in the main loquat growing areas of Pakistan. Forty two genotypes were identified, which were compared on the basis of morpho-physical traits. Significant differences were observed with reference to various characteristics among different genotypes. Fruit weight of the genotypes ranged from 9.54 g (in HW4) to 47.84 g (in TB15). Range of flesh seed ratio was from 1.67 (in HW5) to 3.05 (in TB8). Minimum yield per tree was recorded as 25.85 kg (in TB15), while it was maximum (89.87 kg) in TB7. Correlations among some traits were also observed. Moreover, RAPD analyses of the genotypes were performed. Five RAPD primers gave reproducible results and generated 47 polymorphic bands. According to the dandrogram, two main groups of the loquat genotypes were identified with a linkage distance of 33%. For most of the locations, grouping of the genotypes was in accordance with the geographical locations. Out of the three genotypes from Mardan, one falls under the first group and the other two under the second group. The maximum number of genotypes (15) was identified at Takht Bhai, two of them belonged to the first group and 13 to the second group. Genotypes with good characteristics i.e. better yield, higher fruit size and weight, less number of seeds per fruit and higher flesh seed ratio can be recommended for further multiplication and introduction to the other loquat growing areas which would increase the income of farming community. The study also recommends establishing germplasm units in Punjab and NWFP and pooling all these genotypes for future strategies and breeding programs including selection, introduction, hybridization and mutation breeding. The present study would also be helpful for the documentation, management, and conservation of the loquat genetic resources of Pakistan.