الترجمة والعولمة: دراسة تحليلية

The purpose of this research paper is to identify the relationship between Globalization and Translation, and to discuss the impact of Globalization on Translation. Globalization has different meanings to different scholars but the common theme that may be derived from different definitions is to make global or worldwide in scope or application. Keeping in view the context of Translation Studies (TS) it is mentioned that Globalization means “to make source texts global or worldwide in understanding or application, where application refers to the teaching and/ learning about different cultures” This paper also indicates to various kinds of globalization. However the impact of Globalization on Translation was highlighted to make the point that globalization does not only impact on translation, but it has impact on the lives of translators and their jobs in addition to language translation services in various fields of translation including media, medical and legal field. It formulates an attempt to understand the significance of translation in a global context. The conclusion answered the question: Is globalization has positive and negative impact on translation?

Exploring the Human Resource Development Policies and Procedures in the School Context

Despite the long and hesitant relationship between education and business sector, corporate theories are often adapted in education, but their implication is seldom explored. One of the corporate phenomena, Human Resource Development (HRD), which caters to the development of staff members and organization, has always been a pertinent focus for organizational development. This study aimed to explore the development and implementation of HRD policies and procedures in a school context. Moreover, the influencing factors and the issue and challenges faced during implementation and the ways to resolve them were also explored. Under the qualitative paradigm, the case study method was employed to investigate HRD experience of human resource officer, principal and other staff members including teachers, coordinators, support and administrative staff. These participants were affiliated with school unit in Karachi, Pakistan, which was, a part of a private educational network in Pakistan. With the use of semi-structured interview and document analysis, the participants' experiences and views were discovered. The key findings of this study revealed that policy development in the school is done on the basis of mutual consensus of all the staff members, but the principal of the school is the main source of taking employees and senior management in the loop for policy development. The other findings related to policy implementation highlighted that school leadership made their decision about employees' development by keeping policy guidelines as the main focus but also considered the needs and capabilities of employees as their prime focus. The findings outlined that school provides plenteous training and development opportunities to its teachers to do effective teaching. However, providing career progression opportunities to employees results in sustainable relationship with the organization and contributes to organizational development. The issues and challenges in policy implementation like difference in individual and organizational needs are also highlighted. The study recommends arranging policy dialogues in school, so that teachers can understand educational policies at local, national, and interactional level.