آہ!حکیم عبدالحمید دہلوی
موت ہرجاندار کے لیے مقدر ہے جودنیا میں پیداہواہے اسے ایک دن جانا بھی ہے۔موت کسی کونہیں چھوڑتی چاہے وہ پیغمبر وولی ہی کیوں نہ ہو۔لیکن بعض شخصیتوں کی موت کو ایک شخصیت کی موت کہہ کراوراس پر اناﷲ واناالیہ راجعون پڑھ کر اسے بھلایانہیں جاسکتاہے۔ان کی موت سے ایک عالم کورنج وغم اور دکھ وصدمہ کے ساتھ ناقابل تلافی نقصان بھی ہوتاہے۔حکیم عبدالحمید دہلوی کا شمار ایسی شخصیتوں میں ہوتاہے جن کی وفات سے ان کے خاندان کے افراد کو صدمہ ورنج توہے ہی پوری قوم کو پوری ملت کوان کی وفات کی خبر سن کر رنج وغم اور دکھ وصدمہ کے ساتھ ساتھ ناقابل تلافی نقصان پہنچا ہے۔ حکیم عبدالحمید صاحب نے اپنی پوری زندگی ملک وقوم کی بے لوث خدمت کے لیے صرف کی ہے۔ وہ اپنے لیے نہیں بلکہ قوم وملک کے لیے جیتے تھے۔انہوں نے تواپنی زندگی قوم وملک اورانسانیت کی خدمت اورفلاح وبہبودگی کے لیے وقف کردی تھی۔ ان کے دل میں غریبوں کے لیے تڑپ تھی ہمدردی تھی۔۱۹۶۴ء میں مولانا عبدالماجد دریاآبادی کے اخبار ’’صدق جدید‘‘لکھنؤ میں ایک دہلوی صحافی نے حکیم عبدالحمید کی شخصیت اورملک وقوم [کے لیے] ان کی بے لوث خدمات پر ایک مضمون لکھا تھا جس میں حکیم عبدالحمید کوولی کامل کہا گیا تھا۔
ایک وقت تھا جب حکیم عبدالحمید صاحب پابندی سے ہرجمعہ کودفتر ندوۃ المصنفین میں تشریف لاتے تھے اورحضرت قبلہ اباجان مفکر ملت مفتی عتیق الرحمن عثمانی، مجاہد ملت مولانا حفظ الرحمن، قاضی سجاد حسین صاحب اورسعید احمد اکبر آبادی کے ساتھ رائے ومشورہ کرتے تھے۔ہماری والدہ مرحومہ ہرجمعہ کاانتظار کرتی تھیں کہ ان رہنمایان ملت کے لیے اپنے ہاتھ سے کھانے تیار کرتی تھیں اورہراتوار کوحکیم صاحب گاڑی بھیج کر مفتی عتیق الرحمن عثمانی، مولانا حفظ الرحمن، قاضی سجادحسین اورسعید احمداکبرآبادی کوکوٹلیامارگ نئی دہلی میں واقع اپنی کوٹھی پر...
The Holy Quran is revealed by Allah Almighty to Prophet Muhammad ﷺ over approximately 23 years. Allah Almighty has given the command in the Quran Majeed for people to obey His Messenger. According to Ghulam Ahmad Parwez, the Quran Majeed states that obedience to Allah and His Messenger means obedience to the central authority of the Government named (Markaz e Millt). The Quran provides fundamental principles, such as prayer, fasting, pilgrimage, etc., but the detailed regulations are subject to the discretion of Markaz-e-Millat, who can adapt them according to the contemporary circumstances. Any changes made by the central authority in these regulations are considered legitimate and in accordance with the divine will. This study argues that the obedience to Allah and His Messenger mentioned in the Quran does not refer to obedience to the central authority of the Muslim community, known as "Markaz-e-Millat" (Center of the Community). Numerous Quranic verses warn against disobedience and denial of the Prophet. The Prophet's actions and behavior serve as a complete model for the community, and faith in him is a fundamental requirement of the religion. In conclusion, the idea that obedience to Allah and His Messenger essentially means obedience to the central authority of the Muslim community is an interpretation based on rational understanding but is ultimately unacceptable.
Kyewords: Qu’rān, Interpretation, Ghulām Aḥmad Pervez Markaz-e-Millat, Government
Grey langurs (Semnopithecus spp., Colobinae, Cercopithecidae, Primata, Mammalia) is a group of the old-world leaf eating monkeys widely distributed in the Indian subcontinent, with two species viz. Semnopithecus ajax and S. schistaceus reported from higher altitudes of the Himalayan hills extending into northern Pakistan. Species status of these populations is still debated, though S. ajax is regarded as Endangered globally. In Pakistan, small declining population of these grey langurs is distributed in pockets, but the level of isolation is still unknown. To resolve such uncertainties, the present study was undertaken to assess intrapopulation genetic diversity, and to settle taxonomic status of different populations, using modern molecular biology tools. We collected 86 noninvasive (feces 64, hair 13, blood 5, tissues 4) samples from 5 geographic langur populations of Pakistan and Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJK) and succeeded in extraction of DNA from 23 samples, which were used for further genetic analysis. We used nuclear (Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA-RAPD and microsatellites) and mitochondrial DNA (Cytochrome oxidase-I, Cytochrome b and 16S rRNA) markers. RAPD makers (n=8) produced 245 bands (30.62±2.87 mean±SE / primer) of different molecular weights (126-3342 bp), of which, 96 were population specific. Polymorphism was (37.71±5.29%; mean ± SE), with the highest in Muzaffarabad population (54.29%), followed by Poonch (43.67%) and Neelum (36.73%). Values of Shannon’s (I: 0.129-0.200) and Nei''s genetic diversity (He: 0.082-0.117) indices were low. Total heterozygosity (Ht: 0.144±0.007), genetic diversity within population (Hs: 0.096±0.005), between populations (Dst: 0.018±0.003), genetic differentiation constants among populations (Gst: 0.153±0.025) and within populations (Rst: 0.847±0.025) were calculated. Gene flow (Nm: 3.246 0.448) and genetic similarity (97-98%) between populations was high. UPGMA (unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean) based dendrogram identified five distinct geographic groups, and Mantel tests (Rxy=-0.008, P>0.05) suggested a non-significant relationship between genetic distance and geographic distance. Phist (FPT) value suggested a significance difference within population and between populations (FPT=0.042; p=0.006) variances, suggesting that within populations variation was higher (96%) than variation between populations (4%). Microsatellite analysis, using 16 primers, exhibited successful cross-species amplification suggesting high discriminatory powers (PIC = 0.94±0.01). A total of 256 polymorphic bands comprising on 97 different sized (88-383 bp) alleles (2-10 alleles/marker) were amplified in different genotypes sampled. Mean level of polymorphism in different populations was 45±6.06%. Tests for linkage disequilibrium between different loci exhibited no significant deviations from expected values (p>0.05). Mean values of Shannon’s (0.357±0.05), Nei’s genetic diversity (0.241±0.03), fixation indices (-0.894±0.03), genetic differentiation coefficient (Fst: range = 0.223 - 0.898, mean = 0.438±0.097) and mean gene flow (1.185±0.374) were calculated. The largest Nei’s genetic distance (0.752) was between Mansehra and Neelum populations, while the least (0.255) between Mansehra and Kohistan populations. UPGMA based dendrogram identified two main clusters, Cluster one subdivided into Poonch population (as outgroup) and a monophyletic clade of Muzaffarabad and Neelum populations. Second cluster included Mansehra and Kohistan populations. Principal Coordinates Analysis (PCoA) also indicated three clusters: (1) AJK (Muzaffarabad-Neelum-Poonch), (2) Mansehra, and (3) Kohistan. The value of Rxy=0.302 (P<0.01) revealed a significant association between genetic distance and geographic distance. Phylogenetic analysis, based on different mitochondrial genes partial sequences (COI, Cyt b and rDNA), using Maximum likelihood, Neighbor-Joining, and Minimum Evolution methods, suggested close relationship of grey langurs of Pakistan with S. schistaceus and S. entellus populations from different regions of the Indian subcontinent. Estimated evolutionary divergence values showed a low genetic distance (<0.01) indicating that different populations belong to a single species. Analysis for species delimitation using 4×-rule or K/ϴ (D/ϴ) method also indicated status of a single species. Present study suggested a low level of isolation and inbreeding between grey langur populations of Pakistan and Azad Jammu and Kashmir. This study confirmed that Semnopithecus ajax is the only species found in different areas of Pakistan and AJK. Further molecular, as well as morphological, studies using larger sample size and analysis of complete mitochondrial genome sequences are suggested.