شاعر حضرات اپنی بات بعض اوقات علامتوں کے ذریعے بھی کہتے ہیں ۔ اسے مرصع سازی کہہ لیں یا صناعی مگر یہ ضرور ہے کہ ایک تو یہ شاعر کا فن ہے۔ جو خوبصورت علامات کا استعمال کرتا ہے اور دوسرا یہ کہ اس سے شاعری میں حسن و لطافت پیدا ہو جاتی ہے۔ بعض اوقات تو یہ بھی دیکھنے میں آیا ہے کہ علامتیں شاعروں سے منسوب بھی ہو جاتی ہیں ۔ دراصل شاعر کی یہ خوبی ہوتی ہے کہ وہ اپنے فن سے اپنی استعمال کردہ علامت کی اہمیت میں اضافہ کردیتا ہے اور اس کا مفہوم وسیع تر بنا دیتا ہے۔ پروفیسر عبد الحق کہتے ہیں:
” فن کار مروجہ لفظوں میں نئے مفاہیم پیدا کر کے ان کے قد و قامت کو وسیع تر
ممکنات کا حامل بنا دیتا ہے“ (1)
غالب نے اردو شاعری کو علامت نگاری کے نئے تصور سے متعارف کرایا اور نادر علامتوں سے اردو شاعری کی حدود کو وسعت عطا کی۔ زنجیر، صحرا، نقش پا، دیوار ، بیاباں ، وحشت ، موج وغیرہ کئی علامتیں ہیں جنہیں غالب نے نیا رنگ عطا کیا۔
احباب چارہ سازی و حشت نہ کر سکے
زنداں میں بھی خیال بیاباں نورد تھا (2)
غالب کے بعد زیادہ اہمیت اقبال کی ہے۔ اقبال نے ضرورت کے تحت علامات کو تخلیق کیا۔ اقبال نے جو علامتیں تخلیق کی ہیں غالب کے مقابلے میں وہ آسان ہیں اور ان کے مقاصد و مفاہیم کی وسعت بھی بے پناہ ہے۔ اقبال سے پہلے علامت نگاری کی روایت میں عام تشبیہ اور استعارے سے کام لیا جاتا تھا جس میں مقصدیت کا عنصر مفقود تھا۔غالب کے ہاں کچھ جرات مندی نظر آتی ہے جس کا سہارا لے کر اقبال نے بھی قدم آگے بڑھایا۔ ہاں یہ ضرور ہے کہ شعر و شاعری کی جتنی بھی روایات ہیں...
Force Conversion is adaptation of a different religion or irreligion under duress. Some who have been forced to convert may continue, covertly with the beliefs and practices originally held, while outwardly behaving as converts. At many places the Orientalists put the statement that Islam basic purpose is to establish sovereignty throughout the globe and its primary purport deals with ‘authority’, ‘political’ and ‘economic’ matters for which it also used force for the implementation. Although it is an erroneous statement as Islam’s basic purport is religious, pure and simple; it deals with other social issues. While Islam stressed upon free will and there is no restriction in accepting other religions. As other religions are not in pure form now and Islam is being preserved by Allāh, so it teaches to submit oneself to the Will of Allāh. The early converts to Islam were the Prophet (peace be upon him) close friends Abu Bakr (may Allāh be pleased with her) and his family members in which his faithful wife Khadija (may Allāh be pleased with her), his cousin Ali were on the top, sand his slave Zayed. None of them argued and accepted Islam immediately. Among them Abu Bakr (peace be upon him) enjoyed prominent place among Arabs and with his influence five people accept Islam in which Sa’ad, Zobeir, Talha, Othman and Abd-al-Rahman who were member of prominent families. Abdul Rahman converted four people of his family. Likewise Bilal (may Allāh be pleased with her) was the first slave, ransomed by Abu Bakr (may Allāh be pleased with her). These early converts of Islam were men of piety and dignity.1
The Glorious Qur‟an is a Book revealed on our Prophet (S.A.W), a complete guide book for entire humanity which covers all spheres of human life. Since the creation of Adam(A.S), human thoughts have been continuously passing through an evolution. The Creator of the Universe bestowed human beings with knowledge and reasoning. On the basis of which he ponders over creation of the Lord and in its light and guidance he explores new vistas of life. It has been ingrained in his nature to investigate mysteries of this Universe. To seek the consent and obedience of Allah is also part of all human beings‟ nature. In order to fulfill this natural desire, Almighty Allah sent His Prophets and Holy Books. The Qur‟an is the last of such revealed books which has been guiding human beings for the last one thousand and four hundred years. Human thought is liable to faults and errors. The Holy Qur‟an, being an explicit text, also gives the road map to faulty and erratic thinking and beliefs so they might adopt an enlightened path for the success in this world and the Hereafter. In all ages or eras, the Ulama always played a vital role to sort out problems of human beings and tried to guide them by explaining the teachings of the Holy Qur‟an in the light of the explanation given by the Prophet (S.A.W), his followers and the succeeding generations respectively. After dominance of western thoughts and culture, human thought has appeared in altogether different grab than the past. The present age is replete with the specimens of western hegemony in the field of science and technology. The western civilization, at present, rules over the muslim world, in terms of political, social and economic context. The modern western thought treats religion as something “additional” or “irrelevant”, whereas previously, the existence of God as an unseen supreme power, the soul, and the life after death – were considered as three vital points of human thought and struggle. The clergy played the dominant role in determining the sources of the blessings and bounties of God, as well as the interpretation of religious text. But very soon a change occurred and the clergy was replaced by the advent of “Modernism”, “Liberalism”, “Marxism”, etc. These new movements raised a lot of questions even the existence of God was also questioned by the philosophers. Now, Universe, human existence and worldly life all three have become the centre of attention for the modern man. To provide material goods and luxuries to human body and getting happiness is now the central point of modern philosophy. The right of interpretation and explanation of religious text is given to individuals. The welfare or prosperity of human beings has been relocated. Now it is based on “rationalization” rather than “religion”. This modern thinking of the west also raised a challenging question before whole muslim world whether Islamic teachings are useful for the present modern age. Egypt was one of those leading muslim countries where this question seemed most crucial. This reinforcement of the western thought took place in Egypt in the nineteenth century. As a result of this increasing hegemony of westernized thought, the Muslim Scholars and Ulama explained that Islam is relevant and applicable for all times and ages. One aspect of their struggle has been the explanation of the Holy Qur‟an as a vibrant source for solving new emerging situations and problems. A social reformer, an erudite scholar and a thinker Mufti Muhammad Abduhu played a pioneer role by pronouncing that the Holy Qur‟an has potential for revival of Islamic Thought. The topic of this research is based on analytical study of Mufti Muhammad Abduhu‟s explanation of the Qur‟an. The research aims at: (a) Whether pioneer modern exegete Muhammad Abduhu has guided the muslims in contemporary problems. (b) Does his exegesis of the Qur‟an show any impact of western thought and ideology? This exegesis of the Qur‟an is analyzed by dividing the thesis in two sections. These two sections are dealt logically. First section deals with the history of exegesis, its origin, evolution as well as rules pertaining to the acceptance or rejection of exegesis. Second section deals with the rules applied or followed by Mufti Muhammad Abduhu and his methodology. I have tried to describe and analyze the viewpoint and approach of Muhammad Abduhu regarding the Uloom-ul-Quran which are necessary for an exegete, such as Asbaab-ul-Nazool, Nasikh-o-Mansookh etc. In the last I have tried to present the descriptive and analytical study of Muhammad Abduhu‟s explanation of the verses pertaining to Islamic beliefs (Aqaid) as well as social, political and economic affairs (Ahkam).