جتہادی غلطیاں
۲۱ جولائی سن ۱۹۶۰ کے مقدمہ رشیدہ بیگم بنام شہاب الدین میں مغربی پاکستان ہائی کورٹ کے ایک رکن فاضل جج محمد شفیع صاحب نے مذکورہ مقدمہ کے فیصلے میں تعدد ازواج کے مسئلے پر سورہ النساء کی آیت نمبر ۳’’ وَاِنْ خِفْتُمْ اِلَّاّ ۔۔۔۔ ثَلَاثَ وَرُبَاعًا ‘‘ کے تحت اجتہاد کیا اگرچہ حضانت اور سرقہ کے بارے میں بھی اجتہاد کیا لیکن ہمارا مضمون تعدد ازواج کے بارے میں ہے لہذا اسی کو زیر بحث لاتے ہیں ۔اور مولانا مودودی کے جوابات ان اجتہادی غلطیوں کے بارے میں پیش کرتے ہیں ۔
پہلی غلطی: تعجب ہے کہ فاضل جج کو اپنے ان دونوں فقروں میں تضاد کیوں نہ محسوس ہوا ۔ پہلے فقرے میں جو اصولی بات انہوں نے خود فرمائی اس کی رو سے زیر بحث آیت کا کوئی لفظ زائد از ضرورت یا بے معنی نہیں ہے ۔ اب دیکھئے ! آیت کے الفاظ صاف بتا رہے ہیں کہ اس کے مخاطب افراد مسلمین ہیں ۔ ان سے کہا جا رہا ہے کہ ’’ اگر تمہیں اندیشہ ہو کہ یتیموں کے معاملے میں تم انصاف نہ کر سکوگے تو جو عورتیں تمہیں پسند آئیں ان سے نکاح کر لو دو دو سے ، تین تین سے اور چار چار سے ، لیکن اگر تمہیں اندیشہ ہو کہ اگر نہ کر سکوگے تو ایک ہی سہی ۔۔۔‘‘ ظاہر ہے کہ عورتوں کو پسند کرنا ، ان سے نکاح کر نا اور اپنی بیویوں سے عدل کرنا یا نہ کرنا افراد کا کام ہے نہ کہ پوری قوم یا سوسائٹی کا۔ لہٰذا باقی تمام فقرے بھی جو بصیغہ جمع مخاطب ارشاد ہوئے ہیں ، ان کا خطاب بھی لا محالہ افراد ہی سے ماننا پڑے گا ۔ اسی طرح یہ پوری آیت اول سے لے کر آخر تک دراصل افراد کو ان کی انفرادی...
Man is always trying to make his life easier and accomplished. He has faced mass destruction in history due to epidemics like small pox, malaria and plague. In order to combat diseases, exploration of man led him to search for causative agents and their control. A time reached when it was found that microbes are themselves a source of potent metabolites which have proved to be effective as drugs and medicines showing great antibiotic activity. It is necessary to find out new sources for potential new antimicrobial compounds. Several hundred important compounds have been isolated which have antibiotic activities and diverse chemical nature. But these compounds should have minimum toxicity to be useful clinically. Because of the increasing resistance of pathogens, there was a never ending desire and need to search for more. Bioactive Compounds have been extracted from microbes which are produced as secondary metabolites. Day by day, new compounds are being discovered giving a hope of golden future of drug industry. The current article emphasizes the importance and need to search for new bioactive compoundsto overcome infections caused by multiple drug resistant (MDR) and biofilm forming pathogens irrespective of the previously present knowledge.
With the growing demands of English language in the global context, efforts are being made in the developing contexts to improve the quality of teaching. However, the teaching practices of English language vary from context to context based on the contextual realities. Several studies have been done to highlight the notion of effective teaching in terms of teachers' instructional strategies and the students' characteristics. The current study explored the perceptions of the stakeholders about the effective teaching of English in Gilgit Baltistan (GB). The study was carried out using the qualitative research paradigm. The data was collected through Focus Group Discussions (FGD), classroom observations and post observation interviews. Purposive sampling technique was used for the selection of participants. Out of four school in the village, three (one public one private and one community based) schools were selected. The research participants include three head teachers, six English language teachers and thirty students who participated in the FGD. Out of them three teachers, one from each school was selected for in-depth understanding which was done through classroom observation and post observation interviews. The analysis of the data focused on the perceptions of the stakeholders' (teachers, head teachers and students) effective teaching of English language. The major findings of the study showed that in the context of Buber GB English is taught as a subject rather than as a language. Moreover, it was found that English language is taught only from the examination point of view. The stake holders linked the effective teaching of English language with the students' success in the examination. English is generally taught through traditional methods particularly, Grammar Translation Method (GTM). The factors that influence the teachers' choice of selecting the methods are: lack of professional trainings, exam system of Pakistan and exam oriented syllabus, overcrowded classes, limited exposure, home environment and workload. Based on the findings, it is recommended that the teachers of English should be provided professional sessions about the variety of teaching methods. Particularly, they should be given awareness about ways of adapting the methods in order to make them contextually relevant.