سیالکوٹ کی تہذیب قدامت کے لحاظ سے پانچ ہزار سال سے بھی پہلے کے آثار ظاہر کرتی ہے۔راجہ شل نے اس تہذیب کو پروان چڑھانے میں اہم کردار ادا کیا۔اس شہر کی تہذیبی روایات اور علمی آثار " مہابھارت" میں بدرجہ اُتم موجود ہیں۔سیالکوٹ کی مٹی بڑی زرخیز اور مردم خیز ہے۔سرزمین سیالکوٹ نے علم وادب وفنون لطیفہ کے میدانوں میں گراں قدر خدمات سرانجام دی ہیں۔سیالکوٹ کی علمی وادبی اہمیت مسلمہ ہے۔ہر دور میں خواہ وہ ہندو راج ہو ، مغلیہ راج ہویا انگریز راج سیالکوٹ نے ہردور میں علمی وادبی مرکز کے حوالے سے اپنی شناخت قائم رکھی ہے۔یہاں سے بہت سی نامور روحانی اور علمی وادبی شخصیات نے جنم لیا ہےاور بعض نے یہاں کی روحانی اور علمی وادبی شخصیات سے فیض حاصل کیا ہے۔٧٠٠ قبل مسیح سے٦٠٠ قبل مسیح تک یہ اتنا عظیم تعلیمی مرکز تھا۔کہ بنارس کے شہزادے حصول علم کے لیے یہاں آتے تھے۔
اکیسویں صدی عیسویں میں بھی شہرِ اقبال اپنی تہذیبی و ادبی روایات کی بازیافت کے لیے خاصا سرگرم عمل ہے۔ملا عبدالحکیم سیالکوٹی ،مولانا فیروزالدین،اقبال ،فیض ،مولانا ظفر علی خاں، ہاشم شاہ،حضرت رائج سیالکوٹی، دلشاد ،منشی میراں بخش جلوہ،محمد الدین فوق ،اثر صہبائی ،سلیم واحد سلیم ،بدری ناتھ سدرشن،جوگندر پال ،غلام الثقلین نقوی ،رجندر سنگھ بیدی،عبدالحمید عرفانی،سرمد صہبائی،خالد نظیر صوفی، ڈاکٹر جاوید اقبال،ساغر جعفری،مولوی ابراہیم میر،آسی ضیائی رامپوری،طفیل ہوشیارپوری،اے ڈی اظہر،حفیظ صدیقی،صابر ظفر،اصغر سودائی اور جابر علی سید دنیائے شعروادب کے اہم ستارے ہیں۔جن کا تعلق سیالکوٹ کی دھرتی کے ساتھ تادمِ حیات رہا ۔موجودہ دور میں بھی خطہ سیالکوٹ علمی وادبی میدان میں مضافاتی دائرے سے نکل کر قومی وبین الاقوامی ادبی دھارےمیں شامل ہونے کے لیے پرتول رہا ہے۔پنجاب لٹریری فورم سیالکوٹ اسی سلسلے میں اہم کردار ادا کررہا ہے۔اس ادبی تحریک کا ثمر اس خطے کی ادبی سرگرمیوں کی نشاة ثانیہ کی...
The implementation of Evidenced-based practice (EBP) was one of the factors in increasing the quality of health services as an ideal problem-solving approach. The ability of nurses to appliance EBP was influenced by many factors, not only on individual nurses consisting by the support of unit leader and colleague. The purpose of this study was to determine the factors associated with the implementation of EBP at the care room level establishing on the support of coworkers and nursing managers. This writing used a literature review study, from several databases namely PubMed, ProQuest, Google Scholar, and ScienceDirect with a limitation of the last 5 years. 17 journals met the inclusion criteria and the results of a literature review study show: eight journals conclude that the support of colleagues and authority in changing practices affects the implementation of EBP, 13 journals concluded the role of managerial nurses affects the implementation of EBP consisting of leadership support and mentorship including the lack of knowledge and skills of nursing leaders regarding EBP. Data from the collected and identified literature study clearly showed that EBP knowledge and skills of nursing leaders related to EBP are important factors in increasing the implementation of EBP but co-worker factors can be a supporter and also an obstacle to the implementation of EBP if it is not well managed.
The research work presented in this thesis deals with the chemotherapeutic (antiproliferative) and cancer chemopreventive activity of a medicinal plant from Pakistan; Fagonia cretica L. (Zygophyllaceae), based on the traditional claims for its use in folklore medicine in the treatment of different types of cancers and inflammatory conditions. Through a bioactivity guided fractionation approach, the crude extract (FCC), resultant two organic fractions i.e. n-hexane and ethyl acetate (FCN and FCE, respectively) and an aqueous fraction (FCA) were tested for their anti-proliferative and cancer chemopreventive activity by employing different standard bioassays. In this investigation, it was demonstrated that F. cretica extract and fractions have antiproliferative activity towards human breast cancer cells and it can exert cancer chemopreventive effects via NFκB inhibition, iNOS inhibition and QR induction. The most potent fraction was ethyl acetate (FCE) fraction followed by n-hexane fraction (FCN) in this study. Six compounds in total (FCEE1, FCEK2, FCEK3, FCEM4, FCEN5 and FCNC6) were isolated from potent fractions of this medicinal plant using repeated flash column chromatography. Structural elucidation was carried out through a series of spectroscopic experiments (1-D and 2-D NMR). Among these six compounds, one compound (FCEE1) is a triterpene acid, two compounds (FCEK2 and FCEN5) belong to the triterpene saponin class, one compound FCEM4 belongs to steroidal saponin class and two compounds (FCEK3 and FCNC6) belong to phytosterol class of chemical compounds. All the isolated compounds have known structures but these are isolated from this plant species for the first time. All the compounds were evaluated for their anti-proliferative activity against breast cancer cell lines (MCF-7 and MDAMB- 231), non-tumorigenic breast epithelial cell line (MCF-10A) and cervical cancer cell line (HeLa) by using sulforhodamine B (SRB) assay. Cancer chemopreventive potential of compounds was also estimated in different bioassays i.e. TNF-α activated nuclear factor-kappa B (NFκB) assay, inhibition of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)- activated nitric oxide (NO) production in murine macrophage RAW 264.7 cells (iNOS) assay, Aromatase inhibition assay and Quinone reductase 1 (QR1) induction assay. A serial dilution of eight concentrations (0.39, 0.78, 1.56, 3.12, 6.25, 12.5, 25, 50 μM) for each compound was tested. xix Purified compounds were able to reduce cell viability significantly in two phenotypically different breast cancer cell lines (MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231). This activity was markedly reduced in normal mammary epithelial cells (MCF-10A) thus indicating selective toxicity between malignant and normal cells. Among compounds, in NFκB inhibition assay, FCEE1 showed maximum inhibition (IC50, 5.26 μM) while in iNOS inhibition assay, FCEM4 demonstrated best activity (IC50, 0.38 μM). For QR1 induction, FCNC6 was proved to be best compound (CD, 17.07 μM). None of the compounds were active in inhibiting aromatase enzyme. Compound FCEE1, a triterpene acid was the most potent compound in this study followed by FCEM4. Elucidation and characterization of the cytotoxic mechanism was undertaken by cell cycle status, apoptosis and expression of transcription factors and their targets i.e. p53, p21, Bax, γ-H2AX and FOXO3a. Pure compound treatment was able to induce a time and dose-dependent decrease on cell viability of two phenotypically different breast cancer cell lines (MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231), while demonstrating a markedly decreased cytotoxic effect of triterpene acid (FCEE1) and derivatives i.e. triterpene saponins (FCEK2 and FCEN5) on normal mammary epithelial cells (MCF-10A). Cell cycle arrest (expressed by sub-G1 peak) and apoptosis was induced in both MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells. Overall all the purified compounds were more effective against estrogen receptor negative breast cancer (MDA-MB-231) cells. Loss of breast cancer cell viability is associated with induction of DNA double strand breaks which were detected in both cell lines by pure compounds’ treatment. In MCF-7 cells, expression of p53 by FCEE1 seems to induce upregulation of the CDK inhibitor, p21, and pro-apoptotic Bax. In current study, pure compounds’ treatment to human breast cancer cells induced double strand breaks to DNA associated with activation of DNA repair protein γ-H2AX. Compound FCEM4 treatment was able to induce FOXO3a expression in both MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells. This suggests that activation of FOXO3a in the absence of functional p53 plays a vital role in induction of cytotoxicity. The results of this study suggest that FCEE1 is cytotoxic through p53 dependent as well as independent pathways while FCEM4 uses only p53 independent pathway.