Optimization of Consumption in Divine Context: Basic Principles and Extension

ABSTRACT: The paper aims to analyze the behavior of Islamic consumers that how they can get the maximum possible satisfaction in divine constraints. Islamic consumers ought to be socially conscious economic agents. They will always take into consideration that what their consumption means for the rest of the society? In the Islamic theory of consumption, we essentially look for both “religious success and personal gains”. Islam believes in aggregate welfare but at the same time it does not ignore personal gain i. E. Maximization of personal utility or profit. A rational Islamic consumer will never spend all his money on material goods for maximization of his own utility. He will allocate some portion of his earning towards spending in the way of Allah (S. W. T), thus the total utility for an Islamic consumer can be decomposed into two parts; material utility plus eternal utility. We have assumed that eternal utility is at least as good as worldly utility (U, >Um) ¥ \ye conclude that total utility derived from spending on material goods plus eternal utility derived from spending in the way of Allah (SWT) will be at least as good as utility derived from the ncome of the consumer allocated towards the consumption of material commodities only. Finally, we may conclude that based upon the satisfaction of needs in divine context, resources will be allocated towards Islamically valid, humanly productive and economically efficient goods and services. PDF

Synthesis of Eco-Friendly Dyes

This research project had three aspects, 1. Synthesis of novel dyes, 2. Assessing their applications i.e. fastness properties etc. 3. Testing the synthesised dyes for their mutagenicity. Synthesis and evaluation of azo disperse dyes was done while using different aminoflavones (4 ́-Aminoflavone, 3 ́-Aminoflavone and 6- Aminoflavone), and coumarins (like 6-Amino-4-methylcoumarin and 4-Methyl- 7-hydroxy-coumarin). Dyes (16-75) have been synthesized by coupling the synthesized intermediates with the substituted aniline (1-10) as well as the naphthalene based couplers (11-15). The characterization of the dyes was done by Infrared, 1H-NMR, Mass Spectrometry, 13 C-NMR and Elemental analysis. Diazotization of the different heterocyclic amines (1a-10a).was carried out and the 4-Methyl-7-hydroxycoumarin was used as coupler to yield the dyes (76- 85). The synthesised dyes were applied on the polyester fabric and it proved to be effective as they gave good fastness properties. The dyes obtained had good fast colours ranging from orange to purple. Some of the synthesised dyes (16, 17, 20, 23, 24, 28) were also applied on the Nylon-lycra fabric and it gave good dyeing as well as good to moderate fastness properties. The yield of the dyes obtained was from 65-83 %. All the synthesised dyes were evaluated for their mutagenicity by undergoing standard Ames test. This was performed by using the Salmonella strains (TA 98 and TA 100) with and without S9 activation. The results of these mutagenicity results showed that almost all the dyes proved to be negative in the Ames test except the dyes having free amino group which can be attributed to be cause of their mutagenicity. The presence of the free amino group made these dyes more prone to be mutagenic as compared to the other dyes.