قرآن کریم میں مذکورہ انبیا ء کرام کے واقعات سراغ رسانی

Intelligence system is considered to be one of the important tools used by military and civil secret agencies to defend and strengthen a nation. Intelligence system is thought to be one of the oldest studies of known history. Intelligence system consists of correct and accurate information, gathered after great struggle and facing difficulties. This department is related to both peace and war. Intelligence is a basis of formulating all military strategies and plans. The importance of Intelligence system both in day to day life and as a nation cannot be overemphasized. This article narrates the history of espionage, which is as old as the history of mankind itself. Five thousand years ago, the Egyptians has a well-organized secret service. In the ancient western country, it was called as; hakim’, in Spain (Undles) as ‘Sahib al Madina’, in Tunis as ‘Ray’ and in Iran the as “Areef”. Nowadays it is known as ‘Muqadama-Tul-Haaraat’, Salaf-Us-Saliheen calls its “Shurtaa” and some calls it as ‘Sahib al-us-us’ as they use to move throughout the night to look for anti-state elements. The first ever victim of intelligence warfare was Hazrat Adam (A) where Satan revolt against him. Similarly, the incident of Hazrat Yousaf (A) is the indication of old age practice of espionage. Due to jealousy, his brothers sold him as slave and told their father that he has been eaten alive by a wolf. Hazrat Musa (A) had his network of espionage. Even birds had been used for spying, like in the case of Hazrat Suleman (A) where he was informed by the hopp bird about the Queen of Saba. The study of the Bible reveals that instead of Hazrat Eessa (A), Yehuda Skruti was crucified but still nobody knows for sure that whether he was a true follower of the Jesus or was an implanted agent of the Romans Intelligence Agency. Anyhow, Bible declared him as a Roman spy. The ongoing tribal wars in ancient Arabs further emphasized this activity. The rest of the world had already well developed intelligence system. But in Arab, it was in its development phase and it was the Holy Prophet (PBUH) who got it from his ancestors and developed it. In addition to the intelligence systems of the early prophets, the relevant events in the realm of Nijashi of Habsha and Alexander the Great, have been narrated in this article.

Relationship Between Emotional Intelligence and Self Esteem Among Sighted and Visually Impaired School Students

Present study was designed to find out the relationship between emotional intelligence and self esteem among sighted and visually impaired school students. The main objectives of this study were to measure self esteem of sighted and visually impaired students, to measure emotional intelligence level of sighted and visually impaired students, to compare self esteem and emotional intelligence of sighted and visually impaired students, to compare emotional intelligence and self esteem of sighted and visually impaired students studying in private and public sectors institutions and to investigate the role of students' demographic variations of gender, age, grade, family socioeconomic status, number of siblings, birth order, parental professions and qualification in determining their self esteem and emotional intelligence levels. In this study standardized questionnaires were used to measure emotional intelligence and self esteem, emotional intelligence was measured by using Emotional Intelligence Scale (EIS) and Self Esteem Questionnaire (SEQ) was used to measure students' self esteem. EIS contained 33 items comprised seven subscales i.e. Appraisal of Emotions in Self, Appraisal of Emotions in Others, Emotional Expression, Emotional Regulation of others, Utilization of Emotions in Problem Solving and Uncategorized. SEQ contained 36 items comprised five subscales i.e. self — Regard, Social Confidence, School Abilities, Physical Appearance and Physical Abilities. Cronbach's Alpha reliability of EIS and SEQ were .843 and .696. A sample comprising of 200 students was taken from sighted and visually impaired students studying at secondary schools from Islamabad, Rawalpindi, Sargodha District and Attock. Stratified random sampling technique was used to collect data for the study. Research findings revealed that there is significant difference in responses between sighted and visually impaired school students regarding emotional intelligence and self esteem, this study also reveals that there is significant positive relationship between emotional intelligence and self esteem.