مولانا نورالدین بہاری
افسوس ہے ماہ گذشتہ میں مولانا نورالدین بہاری نے بھی وفات پائی۔ مولانا دارالعلوم دیوبند کے تعلیم یافتہ تھے۔اُن کو معقولات اورمنقولات دونوں کے ساتھ یکساں مناسبت تھی اور اس بناء پراپنے ہم عصروں میں وقعت کی نگاہ سے دیکھے جاتے تھے۔ فارغ التحصیل ہونے کے بعد پہلے اِدھر اُدھر کچھ دنوں مدرسی کی بلکہ ایک آدھ مدرسہ خود بھی قائم کیا۔اس کے بعد استخلاصِ وطن کی تحریک کے سپاہیوں میں شامل ہوگئے۔اس حیثیت میں وہ ہمیشہ صف اول کے سپاہی رہے۔اُن کا تعلق بیک وقت جمعیت سے بھی تھااور کانگرس سے بھی اور دونوں جگہ اُن کو امتیاز خاص حاصل رہا۔
وہ نہایت سرگرم اورمخلص کارکن تھے۔تنظیمی صلاحیت اعلیٰ درجہ کی رکھتے تھے۔بڑے قاعدہ اور ضابطہ کے انسان تھے۔ذہانت، دوراندیشی اورحسن تقریر و خطابت کے اوصاف کے ساتھ ساتھ بڑے بے باک جری اورحق گو بھی تھے۔ جفاکش بلاکے تھے۔وجاہت طلبی شہرت پسندی اورتن آسانی سے اُن کودور کا واسطہ بھی نہیں تھا۔کھانا ،پینا،پہننا اوڑھنا نہایت معمولی قسم اورادنیٰ درجہ کارکھتے تھے۔ ہزار خوبیوں کی ایک خوبی جس کی مثال ہمارے قومی کارکنوں میں بہت کم ملے گی یہ تھی کہ انھوں نے اپنے ایک پیسے کا بوجھ بھی قوم پرنہیں ڈالا۔خود محنت مزدوری کرکے اپنی معاش پیدا کرتے تھے، قرآن مجید کادرس دینا اُن کوایسا محبوب مشغلہ تھا کہ اُس کو جہاں کہیں بھی اور جس حالت میں بھی رہے کبھی ترک نہیں کیا۔اس باب میں ان کاایک خاص اسلوب تھا جس کی وجہ سے اُن کادرسِ قرآن عوام میں بہت مقبول ہوتاتھااور لوگ بڑے شوق سے اُس میں شریک ہوتے تھے۔لیکن اس درس کاکوئی معاوضہ لینااُن کے نزدیک سخت گناہ تھا اوروہ ہمیشہ اُس سے اجتناب کرتے تھے۔ادھر چندبرسوں سے بھوپال میں جاکر آباد ہوگئے تھے اوروہاں کھیتی باڑی کاکام کرتے تھے۔وہیں ۲۲؍اور ۲۳ ؍ ستمبر کی درمیانی شب میں کم...
Lexical investigation of words/selected passages of Quran is among many ways of exegesis of Quran. Such work is compiled on the basis of an extensive analysis of the text of the Quran and consideration of lexical examination of Quranic words. Specialized works on aspects of Quranic vocabulary has been in the tradition of Islamic scholarship right from the beginning and there are a number of works that help in the etymological & philological understanding of difficult words of Quran. The classic text by al-Raghib al-Isfahani named, Mufradat, is the best example of books that treat difficult words in the Quran. In this article, we have presented information regarding the works of scholars of Indian sub-Continent on the subject of Mufradat al-Quran (Selected passages of Quran). We have found that South Asian Scholars have written books abundantly in the field of Mufradaat and Luhgaat al Qur’an, in Arabic, English, Persian, Sindhi & Urdu languages. This study covers in detail an overview of the acclaimed works of subcontinent scholars which mainly split into precise and concise written books on the topic of Mufradat al Qur’an. Forty-eight books have been introduced in below pages. Our work is 1st step towards complete indexing of such works of Sub-continent scholars for easy access of scholars and researchers who want to do some research in this area.
In the present research work, 665 plant specimens belonging to 247 species, 62 families of 27 different orders in 5 major classes of plant kingdom i.e. Mangolopsida (Dicot), Lilipopsida (Mononcot), Pinidae (Gymnosperms), Pteropsida and Bryopsida were collected from different parts of district Dera Ghazi Khan, Punjab, Pakistan. Herbarium sheets with mounted and identified specimens of all the species were deposited in Dr Sultan Ahmad herbarium, GC University, Lahore after posting voucher numbers. The ethnobotanical knowledge on the use of local plants was collected from four hundred pertinent people belonging to all walks of life through their interviews using a semi-structured questionnaire. The plants were found in use by locals as food, feed, medicine, source of fuel and furniture wood, etc. The leaves of the plants were found most frequent in use for treating various ailments, as compared to whole plant or other parts of the plant. Tissue sampling and DNA barcode sequencing was carried out at NIBGE, Faisalabad and Canadian Centre of DNA Barcoding (CCDB), University of Guelph, Canada, respectively. At Family level, 61/62 (98.39%) families were found having at least one sequence of rbcl while no matK sequence in 6/27 (22.22%) orders and 13/62 (19.67%) families. But 49/61(80.33%) families were found to have both rbcl and matK sequences. A total of 1015 barcodes were sequenced, with 630/665 (94.73%) barcodes having rbcl sequences of 235/247 (95.14%) species representing 176 genera and 62 families while 385/665 (57.90%) matK sequences of 185/247 (74.90%) species from 146 genera and 49 families. The data analysis was accomplished on the basis of three criteria; PCR Amplification and Sequencing Success of rbcl and matK; Barcode Gap Analysis (Nearest Neighbor (NN) Analysis) and Neighbor Joining (N/J) Cluster Analysis. PCR and sequencing success were found very high for the rbcl region, i.e. 94.73% (630 / 665 specimens) while matK had the lowest overall rate of recovery, i.e. 57.9% (385 / 665 specimens). The matK showed the highest sequence quality for almost all the recovered samples. Barcode Gap Analysis revealed that 95.22% sequences of matK and 96.63 % of rbcl exhibited no intra-specific variation. The inter-specific divergence varied from 0.0% to 19.06% for rbcl while 0.0% to 4.12% for matK. Out of 105 congeneric species with rbcl sequences, 69/105 (65.71%) were identified while in congeneric species with matK sequences 54/71 species (73.24%) were successfully differentiated. In pair wise divergence across all the species (non-congeneric), both xiv matK and rbcl sequences showed clear boundaries between the 84.21% (96/114) and 70.45% (93/133) of the species, respectively. In Barcode Gap Analysis, matK showed more discriminatory power than rbcl. Among taxa, patterns of sequence divergence was visualized by means of Neighbor-Joining (NJ) cluster on MEGA6. In all three trees of rbcl, matK and rbcl+matK, assignment of families within their respective orders was 83.61% (51/61), 79.59% (39/49) and 83.67% (41/49), respectively. In all three trees of rbcl, matK and rbcl+matK, species were identified on the basis of “Bootstrap Threshold Value” and “Monophyly”. In neighbor trees (N/J) of rbcl, matK and rbcl + matK, the number of monophyletic families were 49/61(80.33%), 40/49 (81.63%) and 40/47 (85.11%), respectively. In neighbor joining (N/J) trees of rbcl, matK and rbcl + matK, the number of monophyletic families were 49/61(80.33%), 40/49 (81.63%) and 40/47 (85.11%), respectively. Therefore, on the basis of monophyletic recovery and node support, all three neighbor joining trees were found best resolved monophyletic trees having more than 80% monophyletic families.