Educational Stratification and Nation Building Process in Pakistan

Abstract Pakistan has celebrated seven decades of independence but misfortunately the nation is still divided into several ideologies, believes, ethnicities, regionalism, provincialism, political and social classes. Throughout the world, education plays a significant role in nation building but the terrible upshot in Pakistan is the division of nation in the field of education and learning. There are numerous umbrellas under which our educational system is running. Therefore, current study objects to measure educational stratification and its effect on nation building process in Pakistan. In this regard, this research mainly focuses on four major prevailing educational systems such as; privately managed schools, public schools, army public schools and madarsa (religious educational institution). Data were collected through focus group discussions and analyzed by applying grounded approach theory. Four major themes emerged after data examination. These are uniformity of curricular, equal opportunities, political and bureaucratic involvement and lack of moral education. Study finds that education system is badly lacking in uniform ideology and moral learning. Furthermore, the poor system of education is negatively affecting nation building in Pakistan by enhancing public distrust, discrimination and regionalism. The results of the present study may be helpful in finding the way for uniform educational system which provide learning opportunities to every child without thinking of their caste, religion, language, economic class, political affiliation and ethnicity.

Green Synthesis, Characterization and Biological Activities of Derivatives of Benzamidines and Their Metal Complexes

No matter the large contribution of chemistry to the development in our large of dwelling, the negative and threatening photo of chemistry has been unfolded in human society due to adverse damage, consisting of large explosions in chemical factories in some instances. therefore, chemistry must development with the introduction of a at ease global in harmony with nature. high performance based on environmentally benign principles (green chemistry) is strongly required of synthetic natural chemistry in twenty first century. That’s why Emphasis here is placed on green synthesis of substituted benzamides and their solvent free conversion into substituted benzamidines interacting with transition-metals including their biological activities. Our primary objective is to create a greener reaction methodology that affords access to convert amide bond into N-substituted benzamidines and their metal complexes. For this first amide bond, has been synthesized through novel Dicobalt octacarbonyl catalyzed amidation of phenyl iodide, followed by anti-oxidant, anti- alzheimer, anti- urease and anti- fatigue activity. The capacity of these reactions through screening of different substrate and investigations into the mechanisms by way of which the reactions are working are also mentioned. The novel synthetic model of the amidine bond has been polished using CuO-np catalyzed conversion of substituted benzamide into N-substituted benzamidines. This methodology uses a non-expensive CuO Nano particles and aniline/ammonia along with substituted benzamide as the key ligand in this strategy. Moreover, efforts to find best reaction conditions to access N-substituted benzamidines ligands were accomplished. A brief study on behavior of N-substituted benzamidines against cancer cell lines (in vivo) and DNA binding studies by UV-visible spectrophotometer and Viscosity measurements has also been carried out. A detail work on transition metal (Cu, Pt, Pd) complexation of amidine ligands covering their activities against cancer cell lines (in vitro), DNA binding studies by UV visible spectroscopy and viscosity measurement covers the major area of thesis. The discussion about behavior of world fatal disease HIV-1 (candidiasis & reverse transcriptase) are also the part of thesis.