The Investigative System of Islam Investigative System of Islam

The Holy Prophet (PBUH) was sent to establish justice. He made use of law and good conduct to achieve this great target. Complete investigation and transport exploration is of universal value that holds fundamental significance in legal system. This research article presents insight, broadness and transparency of investigatory system established by the Prophet (PBUH). It also highlights rules and laws in the light of valid research references. All these features are evident in Prophet’s personality. In this regard, keeping in view the nature of topic, the guidance has been sought from the commands of The Quran, Hadith and different incidents of the life of Muhammad (SAWW). A discussion has been premeditated to explore Prophet’s tactics regarding law of investigation. This research article, having research outlook and logical link, touches upon the rules and principles which the Holy Prophet (PBUH) has given us for the recognition of the real culprit of good judgment, clues and witnesses. Investigative departments are radically important for the protection of Islam, maintenance of peace, internal stability and the protection of life, honor and property of people living in the society. The charter of these agencies is to abolish oppression, establish justice, impose the writ of law, and punish the guilty and to bring lawbreakers within the grip of law. The officer who performs the above duties is known as Naazir e Jaraaim1 in Islamic jurisprudential terminology. Further duties which fall within the remit of this officer are: Investigation of charges, production of the accused before a court of law, getting proven criminals sentenced by the court, executing the sentence handed down, releasing   the accused in case evidence is not sufficient and getting wrongful accusers punished properly.

Risk Factors, Clinico-Pathologic Characteristics and Outcomes in Young Kenyan Female Patients With Breast Cancer in Akuh-N

Background: Breast cancer in the young refers to a diagnosis of breast cancer in a female under the age of forty years. This is considered a distinct disease with different risk factors, biology, and prognosis. Young age at breast cancer diagnosis is reportedly more common among African-Americans. The highest proportion of breast cancer in the young has been reported in Africa. Early detection of breast cancer in Africa is hampered by lack of access to health care services, appropriate screening tools, and high cost of magnetic resonance imaging for the high risk groups. Despite a worse prognosis, management of breast cancer in the young has remained similar to that in the old females. Regional differences in the characteristics and outcomes of breast cancer in the young have been reported. There are no studies published on breast cancer in the young from the East African region. This study describes and compares the risk factors, clinicopathologic characteristics and outcomes of breast cancer in young females (<40 years>old) compared to the older females (>/= 40 years) at the Aga Khan University hospital, Nairobi (AKUH-N). Methods: We did a retrospective survey of all patients diagnosed with breast cancer at AKUH-N oncology unit between March 2012 and March 2015. We extracted data on age at diagnosis, clinical presentations, risk factors, tumour pathologic characteristics, and outcome. Results: A total of 228 breast cancer cases were diagnosed between March 2012 and March 2015, of whom 30% (69/228) were categorized as young while 70 % (159/228) were equal to or older than 40 years of age. The mean ages were 32 years, 52 years and 47 years for the young, old, and entire population of breast cancer cases respectively. All the young presented with a breast lump while 81.8% of the old had complained of a lump (P=0.001) at presentation. Compared to the old young females (54% vs. 46%, OR=2.489, P=0.045) presented earlier, and 5.5% had atypical hyperplasia (P=0.021). The young females with breast cancer had a lower weight (71kg vs. 75Kgs respectively, P=0.021). Though not statistically significant, the young females had more metastatic disease at presentation compared to the old (17.5% vs. 8.5% P=0.148). Compared to the old women, the young were more likely not to undergo surgery (21.9% vs. 5.8%, P=0.001), less likely to undergo modified radical mastectomy (31.2% vs. 54.2%, P=0.001) and preferred breast conserving (45.3% vs. 38.9%, p=0.001). Similarly, the tumours in the young