42. Ash-Shura/The Consultation
I/We begin by the Blessed Name of Allah
The Immensely Merciful to all, The Infinitely Compassionate to everyone.
42:01
a. Ha. Mim.
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a. `Ayn. Sin. Qaf.
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a. Likewise Allah, The Almighty, The All-Wise reveals on to you – O The Prophet - as HE did
to those Prophets before you.
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a. Whatever is within the celestial realm and whatever is within the terrestrial world belongs to HIM,
b. for HE is All-Exalted, All-Supreme.
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a. The celestial realm above them will almost burst apart, in awe of HIM, exalted be HE,
b. while the angels glorify the Praise of their Rabb- The Lord, and
c. seek forgiveness of whoever is on the earth.
d. Indeed, Allah is The Oft-Forgiving to the one who repents, The Infinitely Compassionate
towards the one who lives repentantly.
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a. And as for those who take protectors other than HIM,
b. Allah is Ever-Watchful over them, and
c. you - O The Prophet - are not a guardian over them.
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a. And so WE have revealed onto you a Qur’an in Arabic -
b. so you may warn people of the Mother of all Cities – Makkah – and communities and lands
around it.
c. And warn them of the coming of the Time of Assembly, about which there is absolutely no doubt,
d. when a group of them will be in the Paradise, and a group in the Blazing Fire.
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a. And if Allah had so wanted, HE could have easily made them all into one single community
of believers,
b. but HE...
Gastric substances that potentially increase the esophageal mucosal damage are: gastric acid, pepsin, bile salts, and pancreatic enzymes. From all of these substances, the highest potential for reflux damage is gastric acid. Although the main cause of clinical symptoms of GERD is acid reflux, it has been known that there are subgroups with typical reflux symptoms that do not provide sufficient response or not responsive to PPI treatment. Despite the improvement of esophagitis, there is no clinical improvements in reflux symptoms of 30% respondents. Therefore, this study was designed to determine fasting gastric acidity with endoscopic findings in patients with GERD. A comparative-analysis study, which determine the fasting gastric acidity from endoscopic findings in patients with GERD. Samples recruited using consecutives sampling technique and divided into groups of esophagitis and non-esophagitis reflux. A total of 40 samples involved in this study. The Mann-Whitney test, was used for analyzing the difference between fasting gastric acidity from endoscopic findings of esophagitis lesions in patient with GERD. The median value for fasting gastric acidity in the esophagitis reflux group was 1.88 (0.82-4.84), whereas the median value for fasting gastric acidity in the non-esophagitis reflux group was 2.49 (0.68-5.97). The Mann-Whitney test result was p=0.298 (p>0.05). This study shows that there is no significant difference of fasting gastric acidity from endoscopic findings between esophagitis and non esophagitis reflux groups in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). This study shows that esophagitis lesions are not affected by gastric acidity.
Multiple hypothesis testing is an important topic in statistics. Therefore, the problem addressed in this thesis is an important one. It is also a topic in which it is difficult to make a significant improvement, for various reasons. One reason is that often different users may have different objectives and with multiple hypotheses there is no unique objective function. In the thesis is recognized this fact and as the objective functions, estimated the quality of made decisions, are used minimization of the probabilities of the errors of one kind at restrictions of the probabilities of the errors of second kind. Such approach is a new one which causes the uniqueness of the regions of acceptance of hypotheses and, consequently, improves the quality of hypothesis testing. Thus conditional Bayesian tasks of testing many hypotheses are stated and solved. The concept of conditionality is used for designation of the fact that the Bayesian tasks are stated as conditional optimization problems where the probabilities of one- type errors are restricted and, under such conditions, the probabilities of second-type errors are minimized. The properties of obtained decision rules are investigated, and, on their basis, it is shown that the classical Bayesian problem of hypotheses testing is a special case of the considered. The calculation results of concrete examples have shown that the qualities of offered conditional tasks surpass the quality of the classical Bayesian task. They completely confirm the results of theoretical investigations. The convenience, simplicity and naturalness of introduction of similar gradation Kiefer, viiviii (1977) by the level of certainty of hypotheses testing on the basis of concrete obser- vation result are shown in offered conditional tasks. Quasi-optimal procedures of many hypotheses testing are offered. They signif- icantly simplify Bayesian algorithms of hypotheses testing and computation of the risk function. The obtained general solutions are reduced to concrete formulae for multivariate normal distribution of probabilities. The methods of approximate com- putation of the risk functions in Bayesian tasks of testing many hypotheses are of- fered. The properties and interrelations of the developed methods and algorithms are investigated. On the basis of simulation, the validity of the obtained results and conclusions made is shown. The results of sensitivity analysis of the conditional Bayesian problems are given and their advantages and drawbacks are considered.