روايات سيرت كى تحقيق كا حديثى معيار

Seerah is a separate Islamic science from Hadith as their primary sources are different. Although there are some extents where there is over laying between them, but traditionally Seerah has different principles as compared to Hadith. The Scholars of Hadith were very strict in applying their rules whereas the scholars of Seerah were more flexible. The reason is, when academics were dealing with Ahadiths and deducingdivine rulings, they wanted to make sure they were founding the rulings on Ahadiths that were authentic and sound. So that is why they applied very stringent rules to accept Ahadith. However, when it came to Seerah, they were more flexible in their rules, because they study this as history of The Prophet PBUH which does not touch the Sharia rulings. So, we find that writers of Seerah would accept narrations, they would not usually accept if they were dealing with Ahadith. This practice with Seerah narrations was followed by our early scholars. But recently, there is a new movement among some of our researchers that they wanted to apply the rules of Ahadith on Seerah. We do not agree this approach and in this article, we have had a humble effort to compile a set of rules for acceptance of Seerah narrations.

Phytoremediation Potential of Quinoa in Heavy Metal Contaminated Soils

Agriculture is badly affected by heavy metals toxicity. To reduce the hazardous effects of metals, it needs remediation methods which are energy efficient, economically viable and environment friendly like “phytoremediation”. Some crops having potential to extract metals ions from soils without much polluting the edible part. Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa willd), a pseudo cereal, being a facultative halophyte has the ability to survive under the metal contaminated soil. The research has been carried out in agro ecological conditions of Faisalabad comprised of two experiments i.e. (i) Screening of quinoa lines for heavy metal extraction(ii) Evaluation of the growth and yield of quinoa lines under heavy metals contaminated soil. Experiment I was conducted in net house, department of Agronomy, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad during 2013-14. While Experiment II was carried out at two different fields of problem soils at (Chakera Farm (UAF) and Chakera village) and normal soil at Agronomy Research Area Farm, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad. Contaminated soils were selected on the base of soil analysis. Data regarding growth, morphological, biochemical, yield and nutritional aspects were recorded using standard procedures. All quinoa lines survived at 50 and 100 mg/kg and produced seeds. Results showed that translocation of heavy metals increased from root to shoot with increase in soil metal concentration in all lines with trend A2>A1>A7>A9, however A2 line was most hyper accumulator in leaf as compared to root. In 2nd experiment, four quinoa lines were allowed to grow in three fields under RCBD split plot arrangement. Maximum seed yield (4100 kg ha-1) was obtained by A7 which was statistically similar to A2 line (3648 kg ha-1) obtained from Chakera Farm (UAF) having sewage water application. While low yield was obtained from A9 (1482 kg ha-1) at normal soil (control). Both A7 and A2 lines exhibited higher biomass and seed yield at three fields. Both fields having sewage water application resulted higher growth and superb seed yield of quinoa lines as compared to control. Higher level of antioxidants, proline, carotenoids and phenolic content of A7 and A2 helped to withstand metal stress and might be cause of high yield under both normal and metal contaminated fields. Seed quality was substantially affected by heavy metal concentration in both contaminated fields. Metals concentration determined in seed samples of A7 was high as compared to A2. Hence A2 may be said as nutritionally superior quinoa line as metals levels were within permissible level set by FAO/WHO.