موضوع5:ماخذ کا مفہوم، اہمیت اور اقسام
ماخذ:
ماخذ سے مراد وہ معاون کتاب ، سند، تقریر،تحریر، گفتگو جو مقالے کے لیے مواد یا معلومات فراہم کرے اور سند و ثبوت کا کام دے اور جس کی وجہ سے تحقیق مستند اور معیاری سمجھی جا سکے۔تحقیق کا بنیادی کام سچائی کی تلاش اور اس کی تصدیق ہے۔ زندگی کی سچائیاں بہت سے لوگوں پر عیاں ہوتی ہیں لیکن علم و ادب کے سارے حقائق تک رسائی کم ہی لوگوں کو ہوتی ہے۔محقق کا پہلا فرض ہے کہ وہ ان حقائق کو تلاش کرکے دوسروں پر ظاہر کرے۔ ادبی تحقیق کا زیادہ تر انحصار کتابوں پر ہوتا ہے اس لئے ادبی تحقیق میں دوسرا قدم ان تمام کتابوں یا تحریری مواد کی تلاش ہے جو موضوع تحقیق سے متعلق ہو ں۔
ماخذ کا اطلاق ان ذرائع پر ہوتا ہے جن سے کسی بھی زیرتحقیق موضوع کی تکمیل کیلئے مواد اخذ کیا جاتا ہے۔ ماخذ کو مصادر یا منابع یا مراجع بھی کہتے ہیں۔محققین نے ماخذ کے مفہوم کو یوں بیان کیا ہے :
"ماخذ میں وہ کتابیں رسالے اور تحریریں شامل کی جاتی ہیں جن کا تعلق متن کی اساسیات سے ہوتا ہے، یعنی متن کے مختلف مخطوطے یا مطبوعہ نسخے جو اس کی تیاری، صحت اور تکمیل میں اساسی اہمیت رکھتے ہیں۔مصادر میں ان ماخذ بھی شامل کیا جاتا ہے جن سے مقدمہ اور حواشی کی ترتیب میں مدد لی گئی ہو۔مراجع میں ایسی کتب کا ذکر آ سکتا ہے جن سے توسیعی اور تفصیلی معلومات کی فراہمی میں مزید مدد مل سکتی ہو۔ سب سے پہلے قلمی ماخذ پھر قدیم مطبوعات اور آخر میں بیاضوں اور رسائل وغیر ہ کا تذکرہ ہوتا ہے۔ان سب کی فہرستیں علیحدہ علیحدہ تیار کی جاتی ہیں۔"
ماخذ کی اہمیت:
ماخذ خواہ بنیادی ہو یا ثانوی ان کی اہمیت مندرجہ ذیل نکات...
The present study highlights to contribution of Qari Muhammad tayyab in Islamic assistance has widened the scope of the study. He was not only a knowledgeable scholar but also a verbose, philosophic, logical and sophisticated speaker. His speeches have disseminated a throng of information among the people. He had a deep concerns with the preaching of Islamic teaching. He remained the part of dewband maddersa for long while, where he replete the student with knowledge of islam in addition, qari Muhammad tayyab was a very innovative and revolutionary poet. His poetic nature can be seen his poetries through his writings۔ Qari has done many comparative studies, such as science and islam, Islam and Christianity, linguistic problems and Hindustan, presidential speech of mumbia and many others studies. His knowledge of history could be Cleary observed in his books of history. Such books include the history of dar-ul–uloom dewband, the history of hijaz muqaddas. His aids in many others fields like Islamic equity, problems of fate, a journey to Afghanistan, the principles of preaching are adorable, tidies. To the gathered and analyzed data, his additions to the Islamic studies are abound and will always enlighten the ways for the scholars and would always appreciate the new researchers.
Background: Diagnosis of extrapulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB) continues to be a challenge due to the complexity of the causative organism and the wide array of pathologic features seen in this infection. A number of studies have shown polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for EPTB to be a feasible, sensitive and specific test for diagnosis of tuberculosis (TB) of which, the World Health Organisation (WHO) has given recommendations. As pertains EPTB, Xpert MTB/RIF may be used in place of conventional tests such as microscopy, histopathology and culture in lymph nodes and other tissues from patients suspected to have EPTB. It has been demonstrated that Xpert MTB/RIF can be used for fresh or frozen tissues specimens with good results. However, the use of formalin fixed paraffin embedded (FFPE) tissues, a widely available and rich source of clinical material, on the Xpert platform is yet to be described.
Objectives: The aim of this study was to demonstrate the potential utility of Xpert MTB/RIF in the detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis from FFPE tissues with histological features suggestive of tuberculosis. We compared Xpert MTB/RIF to histology for the detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis from FFPE tissues. In those cases with a positive Xpert result, we determined the prevalence of rifampicin resistance in EPTB.
Methods: Eighty randomly selected archived FFPE tissues exhibiting histological features suggestive of TB (necrotizing granulomatous inflammation, non-necrotizing granulomatous inflammation, chronic inflammation, necrotizing inflammation and suppurative inflammation) from January 1, though December 31, 2014 were retrieved. All the cases were subjected to microscopic evaluation of Haematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) stained and Ziehl-Neelsen (ZN) slides. With prior deparaffinization and lysis, all cases were also subjected to the Xpert MTB/RIF assay. Only 79 cases were included in the final analysis. This was after exclusion of one case due to an error in the Xpert MTB/RIF assay. The outcome measures were proportions of positively identified cases by each test. The data were analysed using chi - square test.
Results: Xpert MTB/RIF assay detected 32.9% more cases than microscopy (53.2% versus 20.3%) which was statistically significant, (p= 0.002). None of the cases tested positive for rifampicin resistance. Seven cases however, had an indeterminate rifampicin resistance result.
Conclusion: With prior deparaffinization and lysis, FFPE tissues can also be subjected to the Xpert MTB/RIF assay. A validation study to determine the clinical utility of this assay for FFPE tissues is recommended.