معین احمد علوی کاکوروی
چند دنوں پہلے خبر ملی کہ ۴؍ جنوری کو کاکوری میں جناب معین احمد علوی وفات پاگئے، اناﷲ، وہ ستر برس کے تھے اور درس و تدریس کی ملازمت سے سبکدوش ہونے کے بعد اپنے وطن میں ایک ذاتی مدرسہ کے ذریعہ تعلیم کی دولت عام کرنے میں کوشاں تھے، ان کی زندگی نسبتاً خاموشی و گمنامی کی تھی لیکن ان کے مقالات و مضامین اہل نظر میں قدر کی نظر سے دیکھے جاتے تھے، معارف میں ان کے متعدد مضامین شائع ہوئے وہ دارالمصنفین اور اس کے خدمت گزاروں سے بڑا تعلق رکھتے تھے اور یہاں کی کتابوں سے اپنے ذاتی کتب خانہ کو مزین بھی کیا تھا، بہرائچ کے قیام میں انہوں نے سالار مسعود غازی کے سوانحی ماخذ اور سید امیر ماہ بہرائچی کے متعلق مضامین لکھے ان کا ایک اور عمدہ مضمون سلاسل و طبقات تصوف میں ایک مخطوطہ مراۃ الاسرار کے متعلق بھی معارف میں شائع ہوا، وہ اس دور میں کاکوری کی علمی و دینی روایتوں کے امین تھے اور اس مشہور مردم خیز قصبہ کی شرافت و مروت کی روایتوں کے وارث بھی تھے، مفتی محمد رضا انصاری فرنگی محلی مرحوم کے حقیقی ماموں زاد بھائی تھے، اﷲ تعالیٰ بال بال مغفرت فرمائے، آمین۔
( عمیر الصدیق دریابادی ندوی ، جنوری ۱۹۹۵ء)
The nation's youth are the source of its strength, and the makers of glory, they are men of the future, and to them belongs the leadership of the nation in all its affairs, because youth time is the stage at which human enjoys the full strength, of mind and heart. Young people are contributing an active role in shaping the present and foreseeing future prospects. Care and upbringing of young people, reformation through of reform of the educational curriculum in line with current developments and requirements, with emphasis on the fundamentals of the Islamic nation, and not merging with others is very importants. That’s why reformers are interested in youth, directing and upbringing them with sound education, correcting their distractions and the protection of their morals, in the development of sense of responsibility in serving their communities, and this is the most important duties of scientists and thinkers, the first defense of the nation Fort is beliefs and religion. Therefore, it is incumbent upon us in this day and era to be aware of our intellectuals, spreading their virtues and perpetuate the memory of them. To highlight this issue the researchwr has choosen Skaykh Muhammad Ibrāhīmī a reknown scientist and scholar of Algeria by highlighting his efforts in the field. This research paper is about the importance of youth in the advancement of society, and the negative impact of external factors on them; define responsibilities for deviating, and ways to reform, and the means to achieve it, through the efforts of Shaykh Al Ibrāhīmī, and his vision to reform and train youth keeping in view all the causes and factors involved in the proper training of youth.
A foremost step towards controlled and targeted administration of therapeutic agents is development of new drug delivery systems. Oral administration is mostly preferred and desired as a non-invasive mean of providing drug at controlled rate. In present research work, hydrogels were prepared for controlled release of captopril, an angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor, used for the treatment of hypertension. Three types of hydrogel formulations were prepared by different proportions of polymers and monomers. A chemical crosslinking method, free radical polymerization was selected for synthesis of polymeric networks, involving use of thermostatic water bath as well as induction by microwave radiations. A microwave assisted hydrogel synthesis, was used for preparation of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose-graft-poly(vinyl alcohol)-co-poly(acrylic acid) copolymeric network. N,N-methylenebisacrylamide and potassium persulfate (KPS) were used as crosslinking agent and initiator, respectively. Formulations with same combinations of polymers and monomers were also prepared by utilizing conventional thermostatic water bath. The hydrogels obtained by these techniques were compared with each other in terms of morphological properties, swelling ratios, drug loading and drug release behavior. The hydrogel formulations were also prepared by crosslinking of 2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1- propanesulfonic acid (AMPS) and acrylic acid with hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC). These hydrogels had shown higher ability to absorb and retain aqueous solutions and solute particles. Another type of polymeric network was synthesized under influence of microwaves radiations, with lower initiator concentration, by crosslinking of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) with 2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid (AMPS). They have ability to exhibit relatively higher swelling behavior at pH 2 in comparison to pH 7.4 and have gastro retentive characteristics. Due to their massive swelling tendencies, these could be retained in stomach and unable to pass through next segment of gastrointestinal tract. Thus, after oral administration of captopril loaded hydrogels, they could have ability to release drug continuously at acidic pH of stomach, in a control manner for longer time periods. The results of drug release are according to swelling powers of formed copolymeric hydrogels. 6 All types of hydrogel formulations prepared were evaluated by in-vitro and in-vivo analytical procedures. The in-vitro characterization was done by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), swelling properties, drug loading and release. The drug release was evaluated by the application of zero order kinetics, first order kinetics, Higuchi model, Korsmayer-Peppas model and Weibull model. The hydrogels selected on the basis of their in-vitro evaluation were subjected to in-vivo characterization. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method, with UV detector was utilized for in-vivo characterization. The study was performed on twenty four rabbits and liquid-liquid extraction procedure was used for separation of captopril from plasma samples. The bioavailability and pharmacokinetic parameters were determined by kinetica (version 5.0). The maximum concentration (Cmax) of captopril was reduced while time to reach maximum concentration (Tmax) was increased by hydrogels in comparison to control (free drug enclosed in hard gelatin capsules). The values of area under curve AUC (calculated by trapezoidal rule) and elimination half-life were higher for controlled release hydrogel formulations than control. The drug could be available for longer periods of time after administration of captopril loaded hydrogels, maintaining optimum concentration in blood, exerting its efficacious effects as an antihypertensive therapeutic agent.