آیت نمبر
سورۃ نمبر
نام سورۃ
آیت
نمبر شمار
114
1
البقرۃ
وَمَن اَظلَمُ مِمَّن مَّنَعَ مَسٰجِدَ اللّٰهِ اَن يُّذكَرَ فِيهَا اسمُهٗ وَسَعٰـى فِى خَرَابِهَا اُولٰٓئِكَ مَا كَانَ لَهُم
Abstract Pakistan has celebrated seven decades of independence but misfortunately the nation is still divided into several ideologies, believes, ethnicities, regionalism, provincialism, political and social classes. Throughout the world, education plays a significant role in nation building but the terrible upshot in Pakistan is the division of nation in the field of education and learning. There are numerous umbrellas under which our educational system is running. Therefore, current study objects to measure educational stratification and its effect on nation building process in Pakistan. In this regard, this research mainly focuses on four major prevailing educational systems such as; privately managed schools, public schools, army public schools and madarsa (religious educational institution). Data were collected through focus group discussions and analyzed by applying grounded approach theory. Four major themes emerged after data examination. These are uniformity of curricular, equal opportunities, political and bureaucratic involvement and lack of moral education. Study finds that education system is badly lacking in uniform ideology and moral learning. Furthermore, the poor system of education is negatively affecting nation building in Pakistan by enhancing public distrust, discrimination and regionalism. The results of the present study may be helpful in finding the way for uniform educational system which provide learning opportunities to every child without thinking of their caste, religion, language, economic class, political affiliation and ethnicity.
The main purpose of this study was to examine the impact of sample size on multilevel model estimates and their standard errors under different methods of estimations. Three different studies were designed to achieve the objectives of the study. In study 1, two level binary logistic random intercept and random slope regression model was used. The performance of two estimation methods was observed under varying conditions of the design factors i.e the number of groups, group sizes and intraclass correlation (ICC). Maximum Likelihood (ML) with adaptive quadrature and Penalized Quasi-likelihood (PQL) methods of estimation were used in study 1. Similarly, three categories and five categories two level ordinal logistic random intercept and random slope regression models were used in study 2. The performance of ML and PQL methods of estimation was observed under varying conditions of the design factors i.e., the number of groups, group sizes, ICC and distribution of category responses. Moreover, a two level random intercept and random slope linear regression model was used in study 3. The performance of Restricted Maximum Likelihood Method (REML) and Bootstrap by means of Minimum Norm Quadratic Unbiased Estimators (MINQUE) was observed under varying conditions of the design factors. In all the three studies relative parameter bias and 95% confidence interval coverage rates were used to assess accuracy and precision of estimates and their standard errors. Further, empirical power rates were also computed in study 1 and study 2.