آہ ! شاہ نصر احمد پُھلواروی مرحوم
معارف کا یہ رسالہ چھپ رہا تھا کہ اخبار کے ذریعہ شاہ نصر احمد کی انتہائی المناک وفات کی خبر ملی اس سانحہ کی خبر سننے کے لیے بالکل تیار نہیں تھا، ان کی عمر مشکل سے تیئس (۲۳) چوبیس (۲۴) سال رہی ہوگی، یہ تحریر لکھتے وقت ان کا چہرہ یاد آرہا ہے جس پر معصومیت، طہارت، مذہبیت، محبت، مروت اور اخلاق کے جتنے آثار ہوسکتے تھے، ان سب کے انوار ان پر جھلکتے نظر آتے تھے، وہ خانقاہ مجیبیہ پھلواری شریف کے جناب مولانا شاہ عون احمد قادری کے بڑے صاحبزادے تھے، اس تعلق کے علاوہ وہ دارالمصنفین میں بھی آکر دو سال رہے، اپنی نیکی اور اخلاص کا جو نقش یہاں کے لوگوں پر چھوڑ گئے ہیں، وہ مدت مدید تک یاد رہے گا، وہ یہاں اس غرض سے آئے تھے کہ یہاں رہ کر کچھ سیکھیں، لیکن اپنی کم سنی کے زمانہ میں انھوں نے معارف میں امام الحرمین پر تین قسطوں میں جو مضمون لکھا، اس پر برصغیر کے تمام اربات فن کی نظر اٹھی، اور ان کا خیال تھا کہ یہ کسی تجربہ کار اہل قلم اور دیدہ ور عالم کا لکھا ہوا ہے، لیکن جب ان کو بتایا جاتا کہ اس کے لکھنے والے کی عمر کیا ہے، تو ان کو یقین نہیں آتا، اس مضمون سے اندازہ ہوگیا تھا کہ آئندہ علم کی ایک بے پناہ قوت، ہندوستان کی علمی دنیا میں ابھر کر رہے گی، لیکن ان کو خود خیال رہا کہ ان میں ابھی بہت کچھ کمی رہ گئی ہے، اس لیے اس کو پورا کرنے کے لیے وہ دارالعلوم ندوۃ العلماء مزید تعلیم کے لیے چلے گئے، جہاں انھوں نے تین سال رہ کر وہاں کی تعلیم کی تکمیل کی اور ادب میں تحضص کیا، اسی زمانہ میں ان...
This study aims to determine the health and sanitary status of the Mamanwa indigenous people in selected areas in CARAGA Region. The respondents were the Mamanwa people who are residents of Cantugas, Mainit, Surigao del Norte community, and Kitcharao, Agusan del Norte community. The study used descriptive research design utilizing questionnaire and personal interview in gathering the data. The total population of the respondents is 69 and respondents from both communities were selected based on simple random design. The study used percentage and mode/majority criterion, weighted mean, and Kendal-tau correlation. The findings showed that in the extent of health and sanitation education which was divided into three factors: Factor 1 which is the regularity of adopting health and sanitation practices shows a mean rating described as always except for item 9. Factor 2 was about exposure to health and sanitation campaign and education show a mean rating of sometimes. Factor 3 is about awareness on health and sanitation show a mean rating of sometimes. On the economic status of Mamanwa people which was the (factor 1) economic status of Mamanwa parents, 75.4% of the Mamanwa parents send their children to school and 64.9% of Mamanwa parents’ allocated budget for clothing and other personal necessities. On social status of the location (factor 2), only 35.1% of the respondents said that they have proper waste disposal and segregation. The results showed that Mamanwa children regardless of sex and age were undernourished and there is a significant relationship between the regularity of adopting health and sanitation practices with hygiene on health care where it had an R-value of 0.47 and 0.35 respectively. Lastly, only economic factor on the social status of the location had a significant relationship on the health status of Mamanwa children in terms of BMI which had an R-value -0.20 and p-value 0.049.
The whole class of evolutionary computing algorithms is inspired by the process of evolution in nature. Compared to the traditional optimization algorithms, a few striking features of these algorithms include their ability to address non-differentiable cost functions, robustness to the dynamically changing environment, and implementation on parallel machines. However, it was not until one and half decade ago, when these algorithms attracted researchers and got acknowledgement in terms of their application to the real world problems. The main reason behind this increased interest of the researchers owes to the ever increasing computing power. As a result evolutionary computing algorithms have been widely investigated and successfully applied for a number of problems belonging to diverse areas. In this dissertation the standard binary particle swarm optimization (PSO) and its soft version, namely soft PSO (SPSO) have been applied to four different problems of digital communication. Due to the exponentially growing computational complexity with the number of users in optimum maximum likelihood detector (OMLD), suboptimum techniques have received significant attention. We have proposed the SPSO for the multiuser detection (MUD) in synchronous as well as asynchronous multicarrier code division multiple access (MC- CDMA) systems. The performance of SPSO based MUD has been investigated to be near optimum, while its computational complexity is far less than OMLD. Particle swarm optimization (PSO) aided with radial basis functions (RBF) has been suggested to carry out multiuser detection (MUD) for synchronous direct sequence code division multiple access (DS-CDMA) systems. The MUD problem has been taken as a pattern classification problem and radial basis functions have been used due to their excellent performance for pattern classification. The two variants of PSO have also been used in a joint manner for the task of the channel and data estimation based on the maximum likelihood principle. The PSO algorithm works at two different levels. At the upper level the continuous PSO estimates the channel, while at the lower level, the soft PSO detects the data. The simulation results have proved to be better than that of joint Genetic algorithm and Viterbi algorithm (GAVA) approach.