Functional study of WRKY Protein in different Plant and non-Plant species and its response under different biotic and environmental stresses

WRKY transcription factors belong to one of the biggest superfamilies of proteins in higher plants. WRKY proteins participate in plant growth for instance, gamete formation, seed germination and are also responsive to different types of environmental cues including abiotic and biotic stresses. The DNA-binding site of WRKY factors is well established which interact with W‐box (TGACC(A/T)) located in the promoter of their target genes and promote the activation or repression of the expression of those genes to control their response against stresses but it remains difficult to establish thefunctions of every family members to control particular transcriptional programs during development or in response to environmental signals. This review summarizes the recent progress madein unraveling the various WRKY protein-controlled functions under different environmental stresses.

Analysis of Specific Cutting Energy Consumption During Machining of Al 6061-T6 Alloy, Using the Energy Map Approach

There is an increased emphasis on energy efficiency of manufacturing processes owing to their negative impact on environment. Machining is one of the most widely used process in the manufacturing industry and accounts for more than 15% value in the globally manufactured products. Electrical energy consumption is considered as the major source of environmental and economic impact of machining processes. A number of studies can be found in literature that model and optimize energy consumption in machining processes. However, most of these studies employ power and energy as response variables that makes them machine tool specific. Therefore a generalized machine tool independent approach needs to be developed for energy consumption analysis in machining processes. This research addresses this problem by utilizing specific cutting energy as a response variable. Specific cutting energy takes into account cutting power and material removal rate and is independent of machine tool. A novel specific cutting energy map approach has been presented in this research. Al 6061-T6 alloy has been used as the workpiece material owing to its extensive application in automotive, aerospace and other high-tech products. The developed energy maps can represent specific cutting energy consumption in the form of different regions (very high, high, moderate, low and very low) against varying cutting condition. The energy map approach has been applied in conventional, transitional and high speed machining ranges. The formation of specific cutting energy regions has been investigated and it has been shown that these regions are strongly related with mechanics of cutting process in terms of: shear angle, chip ratio, chip formation, and contact length. It has been shown that energy saving up to 52% in machining of Al 6061 alloy can be achieved by selecting appropriate cutting parameters from the developed energy maps. The undeformed chip thickness was observed to be the most influential machining parameter affecting specific cutting energy consumption. The developed energy maps also revealed the presence of an avoidance zone associated with high cutting speeds and low undeformed chip thickness. Built-up edge was observed to be responsible for formation of avoidance zone.