4۔ شہادت کی ضرورت و اہمیت
کسی بھی تنارع میں فریقین کے لیے شہاد ت کا کردار بہت اہمیت کا حامل ہے ، کیونکہ مدعی (دعویٰ دار) کے لیے ضروری ہے کہ وہ ثبوت مہیا کرے ۔ بینہ ایک جامع لفظ ہے ، جس کی ایک قسم گواہی ہے۔قرآن ، حدیث اور اقوال صحابہ کرام میں جہاں جہاں بینۃ کا لفظ استعمال ہوا ہے ، اس سے مراد وہ چیز ہے جو حق کو پورے طور پر واضح کردے ۔ اکثر ثبوت کے طور پر شہاد ت یا گواہی آتی ہے ، جیسا کہ رسول اللہ ﷺ نے ارشاد فرمایا
"الْبَيِّنَةَ عَلَى الْمُدَّعِى وَالْيَمِينَ عَلَى مَنْ أَنْكَرَ۔"374
"مدعی کے ذمے بَینہ (گواہ) ہے اور منکرپر قسم۔"
معلوم ہو ا کہ مدعی اپنے دعویٰ کے ثبوت یا اپنے کسی حق کو ثابت کرنے کے لیے حاکم اسلام/قاضی کی عدالت میں کسی ایسے واضح ثبوت کو یا ایسے شخص کو پیش کرے جو اس کے دعویٰ کی تصدیق کرے۔ لفظ" شہادت " کسی کی تصدیق کرنے یا سچی خبر دینے کوبھی کہتے ہیں۔ شہادت شرعاً ایک خاص منصب اور دینی فریضہ ہے۔ اس لیے ہر شخص نہ تو اس کا اہل ہے اور نہ ہی ہر کوئی گواہی کے لیے موزوں۔ اس کے اہل صرف وہی شخص ہے جن کی سیرت و کردار پر معاشرے کو اطمینان ہو اور جو اپنے اخلاق و دیانت کے لحاظ سے عموماً لوگوں کے درمیان قابل اعتماد سمجھا جاتا ہو۔ یہی وجہ ہے کہ قاذف کی گواہی قابل قبول نہیں۔
اسلام نے سچی گواہی دینے پر زور دیا ہے ۔ مدعی کے طلب کرنے پر گواہی دینا لازم ہے بلکہ اگر گواہ کو اندیشہ ہو کہ اگر میں نے گواہی نہ دی تو صاحب حق کا حق ضائع ہوجائے گا ۔مدعی کو اگر معلوم نہ ہو کہ فلاں شخص معاملے کو جانتا...
Some things we can not drive and achieve ethics from wisdom and philosophical thought. Just as Jinnah (Jinn). Literary word Jinnah (jinn ) is derive from the Arabic alphabet means to hide or cancel. Thus as their description suggests that they are invisible physically. Different views has been recorded and reported that these are not a created being, just a doubt or (whim) but others believe them a creature not a result of any hidden feeling sense of thought but here sacred jurisprudence (shari’ah) states that they are created one like humans having proper way of youth and puberty, having domestic life and science suffered towards death lastly human eye can not see us bound to fulfill the requirement of shari’ah and observed to keep in different sects and tribes persuasion like us. Human and jinnat as power and authority. Quran proves courtery which we can not ignore. “ I did not create the jinns and human except to worship me”(51/56). Islamic jurisprudence is the best source to prove to existence of jinns with beliefs and thick proof as Rab e kareem say, s “ Indeed we created man from dried clay of black smooth mud and we created the jinn before that from the smokeless flame of fire”.(15: 26/27)
Corporate social responsibility (CSR) is a phenomenon that has received considerable attention not only from academicians & from researchers but also from corporate sector since it has multidimensional effects on their performance. It is imperative to note that companies may use CSR as a tool to manage many types of stakeholders, including stakeholders outside of the organization and outcomes that go beyond financial result. This notion will lead the companies towards new era mostly stated as sustainability, where companies act responsibly towards social, environmental and societal issues at large. The current study seeks to model and empirically test the relationship amongst determinants and outcomes (i.e. psychological and performance) of corporate social responsibility, specifically this study probe into relationship between ethical leadership, corporate social responsibility, trust and performance variables (organizational citizenship behavior, task performance behavior & counterproductive work behavior). Furthermore, this study also examines the role of ethical climate between the relationships of ethical leadership and CSR (ethical climate acts as a moderator). The current study has used mix methods approach i.e. quantitative and qualitative research design. The population of the study is scheduled and listed commercial banks in Pakistan. The study has used both simple random probability sampling technique and purposive sampling technique. Data was collected using mix methods from the sampled individuals for quantitative analysis. 500 responses were received back from the employees of banks from major cities (i.e. Karachi, Lahore, Islamabad, Rawalpindi and Peshawar) however, only 420 were useable. Fifteen top executives were interviewed out of the thirty-five listed commercial banks for qualitative analysis in respect to sustainable development. Data was analyzed using Partial Least Square Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). Furthermore, necessary tests were conducted using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 23. Findings indicate that ethical leadership has positive impact on CSR and significantly contributes towards defining the underlying processes of CSR. Results confirmed that ethical climate acts as a moderator between the relationship of ethical leadership & CSR. The CSR activities are project based and identified through an internal mechanism sometimes based on need and philanthropic prospective. The integrated conceptual framework of the current study will be helpful in decision making as to determine the impact of CSR on performance variables. Similarly, the current study will help corporate sector in devising strategies and policies of sustainability for competitive advantages. The researcher contends that this is one of the few studies in Pakistani context to understand the underlying processes linking ethical leadership with CSR along with the performance outcomes and ethical climate as moderator. This will certainly provide a comprehensive overview of CSR and sustainability prospective in Pakistan.