وھبۃ الزحیلی بطور فقیہ: الفقہ الاسلامی وادلتہ کا مطالعہ

The development of Islamic Jurisprudence tradition over time produces the Juris-prudential product with different approaches, methodologies, and interpretations. Nowadays, the difference of opinion in the Islamic Jurisprudence is marked by the reconstruction of the jurisprudential tradition because they are no longer relevant to address the issue of masculinity. In this study, the author discusses one of the recent literatures of Islamic Jurisprudence, Al Fiqh Al Islami wa Adilatuhu, written by Wahbah Al-Zuḥaylī (1932-2015 AD). In this article, he tried to reach a compromise between classical jurisprudence with a contemporary one; this is due to some modern views that classical account is no longer able to solve the recent problems. Therefore Al-Zuḥaylī tried to integrate classical interpretation to the contemporary style with a consistent method. To find some pictures of his jurisprudential approach, the author discusses the different aspects of his masterpiece in this paper. Keywords: , ,  

Shape Preserving Trigonometric Spline Curves and Surfaces for Computer Graphics

Computer Graphics has a great impact on the existent world in a variety of ways. A variety of applications exist to demonstrate the power of Computer Graphics. Data Visualization is one of them. There is a wide range of applications that are grounded on certain underlying data which is to be exhibited on digital displays. This underlying data has three noteworthy shape patterns named as positive, monotone and convex. This thesis is concerned with the construction of new and effective shape preserving schemes to draw the smooth trigonometric spline curves and surfaces for positive, constrained, monotone and convex shapes of the data. For this persistence, firstly, a quadratic trigonometric spline function with three parameters is developed and it is extended to bi-quadratic trigonometric spline function including six parameters in its description. Two parameters of quadratic trigonometric spline function and four parameters of bi-quadratic trigonometric spline function are constrained to draw the shape preserving trigonometric spline curves and surfaces for positive, constrained, monotone and convex 2D and 3D regular data patterns respectively. Rest of the parameters, one parameter in quadratic trigonometric spline function and two parameters in bi-quadratic trigonometric spline function, are kept free for the shape refinement of shape preserving trigonometric spline curves and surfaces respectively. Furthermore, a cubic trigonometric spline function with two parameters is also developed. One parameter included in its description is constrained to draw the shape preserving trigonometric spline curves for positive, constrained, monotone and convex 2D regular data patterns whereas remaining one parameter is left free for further shape amendment as per requirements. The trigonometric cubic spline function is also extended to bi-cubic trigonometric spline functions which include four parameters in its construction. Two of them are constrained to draw the shape preserving trigonometric spline surfaces for positive, constrained, monotone and convex 3D regular data patterns while the remaining two parameters are left free for further shape modification whenever needed. The proposed and developed schemes are illustrated with examples of 2D and 3D regular data of positive, constrained, monotone and convex shapes. These illustrations help and guide to validate and demonstrate the proposed schemes. The error bounds of developed quadratic trigonometric spline functions and cubic trigonometric spline functions are also estimated which are of order three.