ہوٹل میں ایک شام
جونہی نرم ہوا ہوٹل کے پردوں سے ٹکرائی
ایک لذت بھری صدا نے میرے کانوں کی لوئوں کو چوما
’’دال، بھنڈی، ٹنڈے، آلو قیمہ، چکن کڑاہی‘‘
’’جی صاحب۔۔۔۔!‘‘
’’کیا کھائیں گے آپ‘‘
میں نے دال کا کہا اور باہر دیکھنے لگا
تندور پہ ہنگامہ آرائی کا منظر
جیسے کسی محاذ پر شورِ قیامت
نان بائی لبوں پہ مسکراہٹ سجائے
Ibn Taymiyya is known as a controversial figure due to his differences. Most of the scholars have differed with him on most of the jurisprudential and principled issues. There are many reasons for Ibn Tamiya’s differences. The difference between intellect and its use is the most important, that is, the way of thinking. The jurisprudential ability and competence that elevated him to the status of ijtihad was a result of uniqueness in ijtihad and jurisprudence. Disagreements can be caused by the circumstances of that era and the behavior of the people of that era. All the principles and their preferred methods based on which he solved jurisprudential and doctrinal issues and all the reasons why he disagreed with a section of the ummah and the ummah know these differences in the form of the differences of Ibn Taymiyya. It is very important that his jurisprudential insight and ijtihad efforts be revealed, although in many issues the majority of the scholars of the ummah have disagreed with him and their opinion differs from the great taste. Ibn Tamiya’s method of inference in jurisprudential and principled issues and the principles by which he formed an opinion on an issue and on what basis he preferred principles in solving problems are the key issues that will be discussed in the following article.
The present study identifies the major determinants and explores their implications on the export of mango from Pakistan to four selected markets (Dubai, Saudi Arabia, United Kingdom and Singapore). Primary data were collected through a survey of mango exporters selected purposively from the list of total exporters obtained from Pakistan Horticultural Development and Export Board. Data collected from primary sources were analyzed to delineate socioeconomic characteristics of the sampled mango exporters, estimate export margins and quantify major variables (experience and education of exporters, average purchase price, average marketing cost, average sale price, ISO certificate, government policy, fruit fly effect and hot water treatment) affecting export of mango from Pakistan. Primary data were substantiated with data collected from secondary sources, analyzed to estimate effect of major factors (production of mango, relative prices, agricultural GDP and infrastructure) on the export of mango, not captured by primary data. Level of integration among ten domestic mango markets (Lahore, Faisalabad, Sargodha, Gujranwala, Multan, Karachi, Hyderabad, Sukkhar, Quetta and Peshawar) was checked to evaluate extent of efficiency in these selected markets. Double log form of regression analysis was employed to estimate effect of the selected variables on the export of mango in the four importing markets. Johansen’s Cointegration Approach and Error Correction Mechanism were used to analyze secondary data. Comparative study of export margins in four selected markets revealed that Dubai and Saudi Arabia were the moderate profit markets whereas the United Kingdom and Singapore were the high margin markets. The results of analysis of primary data revealed that education, professional experience of mango exporters, average purchase price, average marketing cost, average sale price and ISO certificate were the significant determinants of mango exports from Pakistan. On the other hand, the results of secondary data showed that relative price index, mango production, real agricultural GDP and infrastructure were affecting mango exports overtime. The highest elasticity coefficients in the long run were found for real Agricultural GDP and infrastructure whereas in the short run, real Agricultural GDP showed dominating impact. Granger Causality test established bi-directional causality of mango exports with relative price index and infrastructure whereas unidirectional causality was established with real Agricultural GDP and mango production. Market integration analysis established that the selected domestic mango markets of Pakistan were efficient and well-integrated with each other. Granger causality test showed that Karachi market had bi-directional causality with Lahore, Faisalabad, Multan, Hyderabad and Sukkhar markets whereas unidirectional relationship was found for the rest of the markets. Problems emanating from the research findings were summarized and policy measures proposed to strengthen domestic production base, target high price markets by complying with international standards and diversify mango exports through value addition .