EFFECTS OF MILD, MODERATE AND INTENSE PHYSICAL ACTIVITY ON KNEE JOINT PROPRIOCEPTION IN HEALTHY YOUNG ADULTS

Aim: To evaluate the immediate effects of various activity levels on knee joint position sense. Methodology: Sixty males aged between 19 and 24 years, without any complains of discomfort or pain in the knee joint were selected from Bakhtawar Amin Hospital, Multan using convenience sampling, between April 2nd, 2019 to July 28th, 2019. Group A participants walked on the treadmill at a speed of 4 km/h for 5 min (n = 20). Group B participants ran on a treadmill at 6.4 km per hour for five minutes (n = 20). Group C participants sprinted on a treadmill at 8.5 km per hour for five minutes (n = 20). Results: Mean age of the subjects was 21.18±1.77. In the moderate physical activity group, the difference in the means in passive reproduction of the knee flexion angle of 20o observed was 1.40±2.39, (p-value 0.013), and similarly in intense physical activity was 1.75±3.58 (p-value 0.020). For the knee flexion angle of 40o, the difference in the means for moderate was 1.35±1.84 (p=0.002), and for the intense activity was 2.35±2.27 (p=0.012). However, in the group with mild physical activity, the difference in the means was statistically insignificant. Conclusion: The study indicated that physical activities of moderate level and intense level decrease the joint position sense appreciation at the knee joint in less active healthy individuals.

Islamic State of Iraq and Syria Isis : Major Power Politics in Middle East 2006-2016

The rise of Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS) in the conflict stricken region of Middle East constituted a direct challenge to the states, regional and extra-regional, involved. Most significantly, the active and competent power relationship between U.S with Saudi Arab and between Iran and Russia generates a dynamic pattern of conflict and cooperation in the Middle Eastern geo-political landscape, based on the convergence and divergence of tangible as well as intangible national interests between them. The rise of ISIS in Middle East also challenged the War on Terrorism under U.S and its allies and Russia and Iran‘s foreign policy ambitions that focus on eliminating terrorism from the region. This research study is designed to understand impact of emergence of a common enemy for the primary regional and transregional states that are woven in the patterns of conflict and cooperation amongst them. It would attempt to analyze that how U.S., Saudi Arab, Iran and Russia are executing their policies in Middle Eastern region to eliminate ISIS and how it is affecting the relationship they share and it impact over the , keeping in view their foreign policy stances in difference conflicts. This research study garnered and analyzed the primary resources from official statements of U.S., Saudi Arab‘s, Iranian and Russian foreign policy mechanisms. It too discussed in what ways these regional powers viewed the ISIS and how ISIS posed a threat to them. Furthermore, this research study focused on understanding the patterns of struggle, competition in addition to the co-operation within the members of a group and between the two groups who have the capacity to influence the power politics in Middle East. There are several theories in international relations that provide a background for studying different global phenomena. In most of the research studies, liberalist and realist paradigms dominates the research studies of International Relations. In addition to that, the research studies that deal with conflict usually utilize conflict and conflict resolution‘s theories and models to understand the modes of conflicts in International Relations. This research study, however, provides a new dimension to understand the core patterns of Major power politics through the theoretical framework provided by Realistic Conflict Group Theory to broaden the horizon of studies related to Major Powers and their foreign policy attributes while keeping in view their national interests and ambitions. Realistic Conflict Group Theory provides a comprehensive approach to generate an understanding how different actors work. Unlike liberalist or realist paradigms that specifically focus upon providing the state behavior through the prism of cooperation and competition respectively, Realistic conflict group theory posits that states tend to indulge in the both mechanisms of cooperation and competition simultaneously thus emerging into in-groups and out-groups based on the level of cooperation and competition that exists between them. This research study thus developed two in-groups which consist of U.S and Saudi Arab in one group whereas Iran and U.S. into another group. This research study thus studied the role of both in-groups towards each other while countering the ISIS, a common threat to the both in-groups. This research study thus reached to the conclusion that, states do possess the sense of prejudices towards other states, as posits by Realistic Conflict Group Theory. Moreover, the rivalry amongst both groups based on the scarcity of tangible as well as intangible resources eventually forced them to indulge in competition towards each other. This research study thus highlighted that the competition and conflict amongst these ingroups contributed in strengthening of the ISIS in the region, and served as a huge factor along with other regional dynamics. This research study thus recommended that these ingroups are required to develop a framework of mechanism to eliminate their common enemy and threat that is ISIS.