سلطان ابن سعود
افسوس ہے کہ پچھلے دنوں عالم اسلام کی دو نامور شخصیتوں سلطان ابن سعود اور مولانا سید سلیمان ندوی نے اس عالم آب وگل کوخیرباد کہہ کر عالم آخرت کی راہ لی۔ حجاز کی سرزمین قدس مہبط وحی، حامل بیت اﷲ اور مولد و استراحت گاہ نبی (صلی اﷲ علیہ وسلم) ہے اوراسی بناپر اس کی خاک مسلمانوں کی جبین عقیدت وارادت کی افشاں اوراُس کا ذرہ ذرہ اُن کی آنکھوں کاتارا ہے۔ اس نسبت سے مسلمانوں کوسلطان مرحوم کے ساتھ بھی کہ وہ پاسبان حرم ہونے کا شرف رکھتے تھے، قلبی وروحانی تعلق تھا۔ اس کے علاوہ مرحوم میں ذاتی طورپر چند در چند ایسے اوصاف وکمالات تھے جن کے باعث تمام مسلمانوں کے دلوں میں اُن کی بڑی عزت وعظمت تھی۔عادات وخصائل،طبعی میلان ورحجان اورظاہر و باطن کے لحاظ سے وہ اور اُن کی حکومت متنبی کے اس شعر کے مصداق تھے:
حسن الحضارۃ مجلوب’‘ بتطریۃِِ
وفی البدواۃ حسن غیر مجلوب
مرحوم سیاسی اعتبار سے نہایت مدبر،بیدار مغز اورروشن دماغ ومستقل مزاج تھے۔ اُن کے عہد کا سب سے بڑاکارنامہ یہ ہے کہ حجاز صحیح معنیٰ میں بلداًا ٰمناً اور اس کا حرم درحقیقت مسلمانوں کے لیے حرم بن گیا۔انھوں نے فتنہ پرور و مفسد قبائل کی سرکوبی کرکے پورے ملک میں امن وامان اس طرح قائم کردیا تھا کہ ایک بڑھیا بھی تن تنہا اپنے مال واسباب کے ساتھ مکہ معظمہ تک بے خوف وخطر سفرکرسکتی تھی۔اس کے علاوہ مرحوم نے حرمین شریفین کے باشندوں کے لیے دینی و دنیوی تعلیم کابندوبست کیا اوراُن کی اقتصادی زبوں حالی جواُن کے لیے سب سے بڑی مصیبت تھی اُس کامداوا اس طرح کیا کہ آج وہاں فارغ البالی اور معاشی رفاہیت وخوش حالی کادوردورہ ہے۔حجاج کی راحت وآسائش کاسلطان مرحوم کو خاص خیال رہتا تھا اوراس سلسلہ میں وہ ایام حج میں صحت...
Before the advent of Islam, there was a strong tradition of polemic writings both among the Jews and the Christians to prove the errors of adversary. But, after the advent of Islam in general, and the conquering of Roman / Byzantine empire by the Muslims in the era of Righteous Califate in specific, due to embracing Islam by a large number of local populace, the flux of Christian polemic writing was directed towards Islam. A number of polemic writings surfaced as a resort to keep their religion alive. These writings tried to belittle all basic concepts, beliefs, and creeds of Islam, and even the personality of the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH), and the Holy Qur’ān. The contemporary orientalist polemic writers have claimed that there are several accounts originating from Jewish and Christian sources which tried to allegedly prove that the Holy Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) was instructed by Jewish or Christian scholars in the composition of Holy Qur’ān, and to support this claim, they not only point out to certain Jewish or Christian sources, but have parroted their arguments as well, with the similar motives. With this, they have attempted to discredit Islam by raising doubts about the origin of Qur’ān. But despite of their efforts the fact remains firm that the Qur’ān has a Divine origin and was revealed by Allah Ta‘ālā unto Prophet Muhammad (PBUH). In this regard, the purpose of this article is to analyze the medieval polemic writings, their motives, and their rumination by the orientalists of the contemporary age. A critical approach is adopted in this analytical, and historical study, using published authentic data and literature including academic books, research papers, periodicals, dictionaries and reliable web sites also.
In this investigation, composite drain water concentrations were collected from five selected sites of Chakbandi drain in the month of April, May and June, 2016. These composite drain water concentrations were applied to fingerling’s of selected fish species namely, Catla catla, Labeo rohita and Cirrhinus mrigala in laboratory conditions. LC50 were determined and sub-lethal dilutions i.e. 20%, 25%, 30%, 35% and 40% of drain water were tested for acute toxicity trial from April to June, 2016. All the water quality parameters i.e. DO, pH, temperature, conductivity, TDS, salinity, TSS, BOD and COD and ten selected heavy metals (Cu, Cr, Mn, Cd, Co, Ni, Sn, Hg, Zn and Pb) recorded from drain water were found to be above the admissible limits as suggested by FAO/ WHO. Bioaccumulation of these ten heavy metals in the muscle tissues of fish species revealed highly significant variations. Cirrhinus mrigala showed the higher level of bioaccumulation of heavy metals in their muscles when compared with Labeo rohita and Catla catla. Among all the treated fish species, Catla catla showed the maximum growth performance with respect to Labeo rohita and Cirrhinus mrigala. The control fish showed more growth performance than the treated fish group. Maximum mean WBCs were recorded from Cirrhinus mrigala whereas minimum from Catla catla. Similarly, minimum level of RBCs, Hb, HCT and MCV were recorded from Cirrhinus mrigala in comparison with treated and control groups. In this study, DNA damage was quantified in the fish peripheral erythrocytes through different types of damaged cells. Maximum frequency for DNA damaged cells was measured in the erythrocytes of Cirrhinus mrigala than Labeo rohita and Catla catla. Cirrhinus mrigala exhibited the maximum average tail DNA length and average tail moment when compared with Labeo rohita and Catla catla. Maximum mean total no. of cells with micronuclei and maximum micronuclei frequency was recorded in erythrocytes of Cirrhinus mrigala than Labeo rohita and Catla catla. When histopathological analysis of control and treated fish was compared, control fish manifested the normal structures than treated fish which reflected various alterations with respect to liver, kidney, gills and muscles. Conclusively, all the multiple biomarkers performed the reliable role for the evaluation o environmental pollution.Furthermore, multiple biomarker findings are conducive to an early prognosis for environmental management and may assist us in planning strategies to minimize the ecotoxicological impacts of pollutants reaching in freshwater reservoirs, aquatic fauna, particularly fish and indirectly human populations.