نئے ہزارہ کے ربع اول کے عالمی، قومی اور مقامی مابعد جدید تناظر میں نئے عہد کی ناولاتی تخلیقیت کا جشن عالیہ قائم ہے۔ گو بڑے ناول نہ سہی، لیکن اچھے، سچے، اہم اور معنی خیز ناول لکھے جا رہے ہیں۔ بڑے بڑے ناول روز روز وجود میں نہیں آتے۔ اِس ضمن میں فکشن کی شعریات زیادہ تر فکری اور فنی دُشواریاں پیدا کرتی رہی ہے۔ تاہم عالمی ناولاتی تخلیقیت میں بالزاک کے پہلو بہ پہلو مارسل پُروست، جیمس جوائس، ورجینیاولف، الزبیٹھ بوون، کے چشمہئئ شعور کے ناولوں کے علاوہ روب گرئیے، مائیکل بوتر اور مادام ستراط کے ”نو ؤ رو ماں“ میں اور دوسروں کازو اُواِشی گورو (KAZOO ISHIGURO) سیمول بیکٹ، بورہس (بورخیز غلط ہے) گبریل گار شیامار کیز (مارخیز غلط ہے) اِٹالو کالونیو اور امرتوایکو کے یہاں بھی شدت سے محسوس ہوتا ہے کہ ناولاتی فکشن ان دُوگروپوں (مثلاً فاکنر، گریسیا مار کو ئیز، میلان کندیرا، جُو لیو کور تیزار، رینالڈ وار نیاز، اِنجیلا کارٹر اور جنیٹ ونٹرس، ٹونی ماریسن، سلمان رشدی، گنٹر گراس اور میلکم لاوی وغیرہ کے درمیان ایک پیچیدہ لا متناہی مکالمہ قائم و دائم ہے جو دنیا سے ہم رشتگی کے باوجود شدید انفرادی ردّ عمل سے وجود پذیر ہوتا ہے اور مختلف و متنوع ناولاتی رنگ و آہنگ اختیار کرلیتا ہے۔
انتظار ح”ہندوستانی قومی اور مقامی تجربہ“ ”یوروپی تجربہ“ سے مختلف ہے تو ہندوستانی ناول کی بوطیقا یوروپی ناول کی بوطیقا سے مختلف ہوگی۔ وہ ہمارے معاشرتی، تہذیبی، ثقافتی تجربہ، ہماری یاد، ہماری ذہنی کنڈیشنگ، وقت اور ارتقا کی بابت ہمارے فطری ذہنی رویہ اور عمل برتاؤ کے مطابق ہوگی۔ بنیادی سوال یہ ہے کہ ہم اردو ناولوں کی صحیح قدر و قیمت کس بوطیقائی کسوٹی پر متعین کرتے ہیں؟ جب تک ہم اِس فکشنی شعریاتی کسوٹی کے لئے کھری فکریاتی کسوٹی نہیں ڈھونڈتے۔ خود ناول کی...
This article aims to discuss the comparison of economic activities including time deposits, investment, income and needs. The advantage of a bank by raising reserves through stores is that the cash put away can take longer, considering that stores have a moderately long period of time and the recurrence of withdrawals is additionally uncommon. Hence the bank can unreservedly utilize the credit of these stores. Income in common is regularly related to the sum of cash an individual gets as a result of something done, done, or contributed. The pay is at that point utilized or went through to meet different needs in life for a certain period of time. It is vital to have Financial Management by giving need scale by prioritizing all things that are vital since the more noteworthy a person's pay more often than not the more he needs. The survey results within the AES business group show a significant comparison of the amount of income derived from investment and sales that generate income, while time deposits are rarely performed as a principal economic activity in generating income.
This study explore the impacts of religious extremism on Pashtun nationalism in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. In this thesis, the scholar understand that there is dearth of literature on religious extremism and its Impacts on the Pashtun community. Furthermore, the scholar suggests that the literature on the conflict of religious extremist and Pashtun nationalist forces in Pakistan in generally and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa particularly amidst heavy debates on the conflicts among the two groups. The scholar oppose that the conflict between religious extremist and Pashtun nationalist forces directly impacted the Pashtun identity and culture in various fields. For the case of Pashtun nationalism in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, the scholar contended that since Afghan war till today the support of religious extremist and militants badly hurt the „Pashtunwali Code‟. Though, the cultural identity and Pashtunwali were not ended, but seriously suppressed from the last four decades. The forcefully injected ideology of religious extremism was not accepted to the Pashtun community and they show strong resistance from time to time against these heinous and self-made ideas and thinking. Thus, the scholar refute either of the two contesting arguments in the literature, one arguing that the impact of religious extremism on Pashtun identity results in softening or hardening of Pashtun culture and identity, while the other argues for no impacts on Pashtun identity. The scholar argue that such different and multiple impacts can also be witnessed on different aspects of Pakistani national identity where national identity is neither lost nor reaffirmed. In this context, the scholar suggest that Islam (religion) is a religion of peace and humanity but why it became a source of destruction for Pashtun nationalism. Moreover, on one side the Pashtun sacrifices their live for peace, stability and interest of the state, on other hand the state is not ready to hug Pashtun community. The establishment of Pakistan with alliance of other countries imported war on Pashtun populated areas for the last forty years, but still they are deprived of their basic necessities and fundamental rights. The extremist and nationalist forces remained always in conflict to each other due to their different of opinion. The scholar argued and mentioned all the causes for promotion of extremist elements and for decline of Pashtun nationalism. The Pashtun nationalism emerged with heavy force after 2015. People started resistance against the extremist forces as well showed serious grievances over the establishment support to these elements. Methodologically, the study is based on ethnographic field work, consisting more than 20 expert and in depth open-ended, semi structured interviews from experts.