اسقاط حمل كے شرعى احكام عصری تناظر میں تجزیاتی مطالعہ

Human beings are the masterpieces of the Creator of the universe and He enjoined them to preserve human life. One form of the preservation of life is the utmost care for the rights of even an embryo. The study of the rights of the embryo laid down in the primary scriptures of Islam suggests that the embryo is accorded respect like living people. The rights of children start well before their birth. At present, cases ofabortion are reported daily. Muslim jurists have dwelled on ordinances about abortion for the benefit of people. At present,  medical science has revealed all the stages of childbirth from conception to delivery. The effects of abortion, both positive and negative, are not hard to grasp in the light of modern scientific research Not to talk of living people, Islam guarantees the life of the early developmental stage of a baby within the uterus of the mother. This extraordinary care for a child during its embryonic period demonstrates that Islam attaches high priority to human life even before its start on the face of the Earth. Should one abort without a legitimate cause, the legal experts from the main schools of Islamic jurisprudence hold that the perpetrator will pay a fine and make compensation. If, on the other hand, a fetus is removed from the womb to end a pregnancy as it may harm a woman physically, it is allowable;  only a healthy mother may give birth to healthy babies. In a like manner, when a couple feels unable to train and educate somany kids, they may have an operation to end a pregnancy by removing an embryo. However, while resorting to abortion,  parents must not lose sight of the do’s and don’ts of abortion jurists have laid down and not just fall victim to the catchy slogan of “family planning”.

Development, Characterization and In-Vivo Evaluation of Emulgels Containing Avocado and Kiwi Fruit Extracts

Nowadays, considerable attention has been given to those plants which have highest antioxidant value because they are used for the treatment of various dermal disorders such as acne, inflammation, hyper pigmentation, dry skin and for aging. They are also used as sunscreens, moisturizing and smoothing agents as synthetic agents have various adverse effects. The aim of the present study was to formulate and evaluate a thermodynamically stable carrier system which contains Persia americana and Actinidia deliciosa fruit extract and used as topical oil-in-water emulgels. Their characterization was done through in-vitro studies and was evaluated through in-vivo studies upon facial skin of healthy human female volunteers.Extracts of fruits i.e Persia americana and Actinidia deliciosa were prepared successively and the antioxidant activity of both fruits were determined by DPPH (2,2, diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl) assay. The antioxidant activities of Persia americana and Actinidia deliciosa fruit extracts were 84% and 79% respectively. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents of both fruit extracts were determined by qualitatively and quantitatively. Suitable oil-in-water type of emulgels E1 containing 4% Persia americana fruit extract, E2 containing 5% Actinidia deliciosa fruit extract and E3 containing combination of 2% Persia americana and 2% Actinidia deliciosa fruit extracts and a base emulgel containing no fruit extract were prepared. All theses emulgel formulations were kept at four different stability storage conditions i.e at 8˚C, 25˚C, 40˚C and40˚C+ 75% RH for study duration of 3 months to observe the following physical parameters like colour, odour, thickness, pH, conductivity, centrifugation, rheological parameters and SEM (scanning electron microscopy). This study was performed according to the criteria of stability guidelines. In-vivo characterization of emulgel formulation was done by applying these formulations on facial skin of healthy human female volunteers for study duration of 3 months to evaluate the following parameters i.e skin melanin, erythema, moisture, sebum, elasticity, Surface evaluation of living skin (skin scaliness, smoothness, roughness and wrinkles) and R parameters of elasticity through cutometer. The study was single blinded and controlled with three groups of active formulation (E1, E2 and E3) and each group having 13 female volunteers. The statistical analysis was done through two- way ANOVA at 5% level of significance and also through paired sample t-test. Active formulations showed significant decrease in skin melanin contents, skin erythema contents, skin sebum contents while a significant increase in skin elasticity and skin moisture contents were observed with respect to base. Active emulgel formulation also showed a significant effect on SELS parameters in increasing the skin smoothness and a significant effect was also observed in decreasing the scaliness, roughness and wrinkleswith respect to base. Therefore it can be concluded from this study that active formulations (E1, E2 and E3) were found completely safe and effective to be used as anti-aging and skin whitening agent by improving the patient compliance.