حدیثِ خواب گویم
سفر نامے کے بنیادی لوازمات میں سے ایک سفر بھی ہے ۔جب کہ اس میں برتی جانے والی پابندیوں میں سب سے اہم فسوں گری اور مبالغے سے اجتناب ہے۔ یہ لوازمات اور پابندیاں کسی اور ملک کے سفر پر نکلے سفر نامہ نگار کے لیے زیادہ مشکل نہ ہوں مگر سفر اگر مصر کا ہو تو سفر نامہ نگار کے لیے یہ دو دھاری تلوار پر چلنے سے کم نہیں۔
مصری تہذیب کی حقیقت جس قدر مسلمہ ہے اس قدر فسوں آمیز۔ یہاں کے نظارے اس حد تک تحیر آمیز ہیں کہ ان پر بات کرنی اور اس پر تحریر کرتے وقت طلسماتی ارتعاش اور فینتاسی سے خود کو الگ کرنا ممکن ہی نہیں ہوتا۔
فوق الفطری ماحول اور فضا، قصہ در قصہ بنیادی حقیقت اور واقعے کے ساتھ ضمنی کہانیاں ،غیر مرئی حقیقت ،انسانوں کے علاوہ جانوروں اور چرند پرند سے منسلک واقعات، مرکزی کرداروں کی غیر معمولی طاقت اور حیثیت ،معاون کرداروں کی فوجِ ظفر موج، مشکلات، رکاوٹوں کاذکر، مذہبی اور دینی عقاید و تجربات ،آسمانی اور انسانی قوانین کا ذکر اور نفاذ غرض وہ تمام لوازمات جو کسی افسانوی تحریر کے خاصے ہوتے ہیں ، مصر پر لکھے سفر نامے کے بنیادی شرائط و لوازم بن جاتے ہیں۔
ان ہی لوازمات کی وجہ سے سفر نامہ داستان اور فسوں گری کا لبادہ اوڑھ لیتا ہے۔ لکھاری تہذیبی، تاریخی اور ذاتی داخلیت کا شکار ہو جاتا ہے۔ مسافر کے ساتھ بھی اس سفر پر کچھ ایسا ہی ہوا۔ جہاں بھی گیا حقیقتیں، حسین تخیل اور سچائیاں فینتاسی کا روپ دھار لیتیں، چاہے یہ حقیقتیں فراعینِ مصر کی ہوں یا یہ سچائیاں وادیٔ سینا کی طلسماتی فضا کی ہوں جہاں ریب و تکذیب کی گنجائش نہ ہوتے ہوئے بھی میری فکر افسوں اور بالعکس فسوں کے ساتھ ابہام و سحر کی خواب...
The history of the prisoners of war is as old as the history of wars. The prisoners of war have been kept since old times. Before Islam there were only two kinds of treatment of prisoners of war. Either they were killed or made slaves. But Islam created many new ways for them which include: exchange of prisoners, ransom, gratuitous release and making them tax payers. And these options were used so as to allow them greater chance of winning freedom. All these options were being opted during the era of Holy Prophet SAW and later on carried out by Khulafa e Rashideen (RA) and other Muslim rulers. Whereas the killing of prisoners of war was limited to solid and irrefutable causes as exceptional cases. Furthermore the enslavement of prisoners was only opted as reciprocity. Both the above mentioned situations are not established rule in Islam. That's why there is no mention of these two options in Holy Quran. In this research paper all these options have been critically examined and researched. The arguments and references have been taken from Holy Quran and Hadith along with the sayings of Sahaba (RA), the practices of Muslim rulers and the judgments of Islamic jurists in this regard.
Effectiveness of Performance Appraisal System: A Proposed Model with Empirical Evidence from the Government Employees of Punjab, Pakistan The main purpose of the current study was to evaluate the effectiveness of performance appraisal system used for government employees in school education department of Punjab, Pakistan and to propose a model of performance appraisal that highlights the importance of leader-member exchange in determining performance appraisal reactions (performance appraisal fairness and performance appraisal satisfaction). This study is grounded in the concepts extracted from, but not limited to, social exchange theory by Homans (1958), leader-member exchange theory by Graen and Uhl-Bien, (1995) and organizational justice theory by Greenberg (1987). The proposed model posits that leader-member exchange influences performance appraisal reactions which in turn influence the effectiveness of performance appraisal system. Thus, performance appraisal reactions are believed to mediate the influence of leader-member exchange on effectiveness of performance appraisal system. The study was a cross sectional quantitative study in which survey approach was used for data collection. The data were collected through closed ended questionnaires to elicit the perceptions of dyad: 557 principals (raters) and 557 teachers (ratees) using the proportionate random sampling. The study concluded that according to ratees’ perceptions, effectiveness of performance appraisal system is dependent on leader-member exchange. Moreover, performance appraisal reactions link the levels of leader-member exchange and effectiveness of performance appraisal system. The conclusion drawn in this study was confirmed by taking aggregated leader-member exchange and found that effectiveness of performance appraisal system is dependent on the level of aggregated leader-member exchange. The present study contributes greatly in the field of appraisal research in that it is an attempt to develop a comprehensive model to measure the effectiveness of performance appraisal considering the social context of performance appraisal and appraisal reactions. The researcher has used the two levels of analysis to get the clear picture of leader-member exchange through ratees’ and aggregated perceptions of ratees and raters. Hence, the concerned authorities can pay more attention to developing a more comprehensive system where reactions are catered to.