شاہ مصطفی احمد ردولوی
افسوس ہے کہ گزشتہ مہینہ ایک بڑی محترم شخصیت شاہ مصطفی احمد صاحب ردولوی نے انتقال کیا۔ گو ان کو پبلک میں کوئی شہرت حاصل نہیں تھی، لیکن ان کی زندگی مسلمانوں کے لیے نمونہ تھی۔ وہ حضرت مخدوم احمد عبدالحق ردولوی قدس سرہ کی اولاد میں تھے۔ اﷲ تعالیٰ نے ان کو دین و دنیا دونوں سے نوازا تھا۔ وہ علی گڑھ کالج کے پرانے تعلیم یافتہ تھے۔ اکاؤنٹسی کی تعلیم کے سلسلہ میں ان کا قیام لندن میں بھی رہا تھا، مگر بڑے راسخ العقیدہ اور دیندار مسلمان تھے، تہجد کی نماز تک کبھی ناغہ نہ ہوئی، لندن کے قیام کے زمانہ میں بھی روزے نماز کی پابندی میں فرق نہیں آیا، اس زمانہ میں جب تک ذبیحہ کے متعلق پورا اطمینان نہ ہوجاتا تھا گوشت نہ کھاتے تھے، سبزی اور انڈے پر قناعت کرتے تھے، پہلی جنگ عظیم چھڑنے کے بعد ایمڈن جہاز سے واپس آرہے تھے جس کو جرمنی نے تارپیڈو کردیا تھا، اس کے جو مسافر بچ گئے تھے، ان میں ایک شاہ صاحب بھی تھے، انھوں نے کل سامان چھوڑ کر صرف کلام مجید ساتھ لے لیا تھا۔
انھوں نے معمولی حیثیت سے ترقی کی اور بڑی دولت پیدا کی اور اسی فیاضی سے اس کو مذہبی و ملی کاموں اور غرباء و مساکین پر صرف کیا، ان کے در سے کوئی مستحق واپس نہ جاتا تھا، اہم کاموں کے لئے بڑی رقمیں دے دیتے تھے، خواجہ کمال الدین مرحوم کو کلام مجید کے جرمن ترجمے کے لیے دس ہزار روپے دیئے تھے، تحریک خلافت کے زمانہ میں خلافت کمیٹی اور اس کے لیڈروں کی بھی مدد کرتے رہتے تھے، اس زمانہ میں ترکوں کی مدد کے لیے ہندوستان میں جو انگورہ لیجن قائم ہوا تھا، اس کے پرجوش رکن تھے، مسلم یونیورسٹی سے پرانا تعلق تھا،...
Islam orders to obey the ruler and not to indulge in activities that may cause disruption & instability of an Islamic state. This research discusses rules & regulations based on sīrah about rebellion (khurūj), and relevant topics from Islamic Jurisprudence. The basic question of this research is whether revolt against the ruler is permissible and what would be the punishment? This research elaborates four types of rebellion. Rulings of Muslim scholars regarding rebellion are subjected to the different positions of rulers. According to all school of thoughts the khurūj is not permitted if the ruler is lawful and serving his community with justice. In contrary, there is difference of opinions about the tyrannous and iniquitous ruler. This article concluded that majority of Muslim Scholars do not permit khurūj in any case, some others laid down very strict conditions in this regard.
With the introduction of welding as joining method, the welding technology was applied as major joining technique in hi-tech industries to the welding of steels for manufacturing of different structures like pressure vessels and aerospace applications. Mostly high strength low alloy steels in thin cylindrical shell form are being used for aerospace structures due to high strength and low weight ratio. Despite being high strength and light weight by numerous advantages, the welding of thin walled structure of high strength low alloy steel (also known as HSLA Steel) comes also with a major problems of weld induced imperfections due to high temperatures like residual stresses and distortions with shortening of weld strength and it is a still major challenge for the welding professionals due to the complex nature of the welding phenomenon despite many innovations in welding technology. The most of the weld induced imperfections are the result of transient temperature distributions and subsequent cooling of the welds followed by transient and residual stress fields. Where as, the reliability of thin-walled structures used for any aerospace or pressure vessel application is on the prime importance every time for safe operational. Usually, thin walled cylindrical structures contain two types of weld as longitudinal and circumferential. The major design and industry constraints are weld strength and cost competitive. Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW) or TIG process is mostly applied due to the excellent weld strength and cost competitiveness. The main aim of this research work is to analyze and experimentally investigate the TIG welding parameters for purpose of minimizing residual stresses and distortion with the requirements of maximizing of weld strength of thin walled structures of HSLA steel respectively. To achieve the aforementioned targets, the following strategy was applied keeping in view the complex phenomena of welding, time and cost of extensive experimentations involved. Weld experiments were subdivided into linear and circumferential welding. Initially for linear welding, TIG welding parameters were analyzed to determine their significance on thin plates of HSLA steel of different thicknesses (3 to 5 mm) by following design of experiments (DOE) with employing 2-level full factorial and response surface method (RSM) designs to have response (weld strength, distortion & residual stress). Whereas for circumferential welding, a hybrid numerical simulation and experimental based analysis approach was employed to model and predict TIG welding process to investigate the transient temperature distributions, transient/residual stress fields and distortion for circumferentially welded thin-walled cylinders of HSLA steel. The simulations strategy was developed and implemented by using commercial available general purpose finite element software ANSYS® enhanced with subroutines. First thermal analysis was completed followed by a separate mechanical analysis based on the thermal history. From the three dimensional FE model developed for TIG welding process of circumferential welding, a series of virtual welding experiments based on statistical designs (DOE) were performed for response (residual stresses and distortion) with different thicknesses by using full factorial and RSM as applied for linear welding. The effects of following six parameters, four numeric and two categorical: welding current, welding voltage, welding speed, sheet/cylinder thickness and trailing (Ar) & weld type (linear and circumferential) were investigated upon following three performance measures: weld strength, residual stresses and distortions for different thicknesses of material of HSLA steel. The experimental results were analyzed using ANOVA and significance of effects of all the tested parameters upon performance measures was determined. Empirical models for weld strength, distortion and residual stresses, in terms of significant parameters, were also developed and numerical optimization was performed according to the desirability for the maximization of weld strength and minimization of distortion & residual stresses. All the statistical analyses were performed by using commercial available statistical software Design-Expert® and MINITAB®. From the results of post-experimental analyses, it was noticed that the effects of welding current, welding voltage and welding speed upon weld strength, residual stresses and distortion are extremely significant, while the effect of trailing and weld type is also considerably significant with respect to material thicknesses. The residual stresses are highly sensitive to heat input (weld temperatures). The residual stresses and distortion in circumferential welding are low as compared to linear welding for the same welding parameters and material thickness respectively. The vital recommendation, in this regard, is to use the parameters of welding resulting low input heat (low current, low voltage and high speed) with application of trailing with respect to material thicknesses for the maximum weld strength and minimum residual stresses and distortion in thin walled structures of HSLA steel. For the trade-off among aforementioned opposing targets and for prediction of values of performance measures at different settings of TIG welding parameters, the expert system tool, employing fuzzy reasoning mechanism, was utilized. Initially, an expert system was developed for the optimization of parameters according to objectives of maximization and/or minimization of weld strength, distortion and residual stresses. The expert system also provided the predicted values of various performance measures based upon the finalized values of the welding parameters. The analyses, simulations, experimental and ANOVA results were utilized for the making of fuzzy rule-base. The fuzzy rule-base was adjusted for maximum accuracy by employing the simulated annealing (SA) algorithm. In the next stage, a machine learning (ML) technique was utilized for creation of a expert system, named as EXWeldHSLASteel, that can: self-retrieve and self-store the experimental data; automatically develop fuzzy sets for numeric variables involved; automatically generate rules for optimization and prediction rule-bases; resolve the conflict among contradictory rules; and automatically update the interface of expert system according to newly introduced TIG welding process variables. The algorithms for these constituents were coded using a pointer-enabled language in C++. The coding involves a data structure named as doubly linked list, which provide the means for fast and efficient processing. The presented expert system is used for deciding the values of important welding process parameters as per objective before the start of actual welding process on shop floor. The user should be absolutely clear about the nature and requirements of any given TIG welding process, e.g., the setting parameters, fixed parameters, and geometric parameters etc. The expert system developed in the domain of welding for optimizing welding process of thin walled HSLA steel structure possesses all capabilities to adapt effectively to the unpredictable and continuously changing industrial environment of mechanical fabrication and manufacturing and to serve the newly emerging field of knowledge management by transforming individual (expert) organizational knowledge i.e. implicit to explicit knowledge.