ارتداد کی سزا کا معاصرانہ تنقیدی مطالعہ

This is not hidden from anyone familiar with Islamic laws, that in Islam the punishment for every person who enters the realm of Islam voluntarily and then turns away from Islam and returns to disbelief, is capital punishment (death penalty). From the earliest days of Islam, all the Companions, Followers, and all Islamic Jurists have improved the same, but at the end of the nineteenth century, many people who hated Islam refused to accept the punishment imposed by Islam due to various doubts. They have also challenged its legitimacy. As a result, two types of views on apostasy emerged. Some other scholars, at the endof the twentieth century, came with a third view on the punishment of apostasy. They neither deny the punishment of apostasy in general nor do they believe in it as the majority of scholars do. Therefore, in this article, we will briefly discuss these three types of views and their arguments, so that truth and falsehood become clear and no doubt remains in this matter.

Exploring the Process of Teaching Literature Review: Possibilities and Challenges

In this exploratory Action Research, the teacher researcher aimed to study his own practice in supporting students engaged with some of the processes and skills required for undertaking effective literature reviews for their Masters Dissertations in an Islamic Seminary. The study aimed to understand, document and improve processes used by the teacher researcher to teach literature review to students. Eight Masters' Students, five males and three females, specializing in Islamic law, Islamic history and Arabic literature were introduced to thesis statements, theoretical aspects of literature review, argumentation analysis and evaluation of sources. These guidelines were derived from a literature review evaluation rubric designed by Boote and Beile (2005). Facilitation took the shape of nine group workshops interspersed with individualized face to face sessions with the teacher researcher to address any issues or queries raised by students. Findings of this insider Action Research were validated by multiple sources of data including reflective notes, student written work and correspondence, observation of student behaviors, collective and individual discussions with students and reflections of critical friends. Data revealed that engaging students with skills required to undertake literature reviews led to students' re-conceptualizing a literature review from randomly collating what others have said and taking literature at face value to using and critiquing sources in light of a conceptual framework. The dual format of workshops interspersed with individualized sessions led to enhanced understanding and opportunities for application of skills learnt. Language of instruction and pedagogy proved significant challenges for the teacher researcher. This study provides rare insight into the professional practice of a novice teacher of literature review trying to document and improve his craft, and contributes to the sparse research-based scholarship on teaching literature review.