مظاهر فعل التنمية المستدامة لدى المقاولة المغربية: حالة المقاولة الفوسفاطية

شكلت القمّة العالمية الثالثة المنعقدة بجوهانسبورغ سنة 2002 نقطة تحول أساسية في المسار التاريخي للتنمية، حيث حضرته، ولأول مرة، المقاولات والمنظمات غير الحكومية ONG، ليضعها المؤتمر أمام مسؤولياتها التاريخية تجاه التنمية المستدامة. وينطلق هذا البحث من الأسئلة التالية: كيف تفاعلت المقاولة المغربية مع مفهوم التنمية المستدامة، وكيف وظفته في استراتيجياتها؟ ومن خلال نتائج التحليل نستنتج أن ما تروج له المقاولة الفوسفاطية، من خلال مديرية التنمية المستدامة، من كون المقاولة مسؤولة اجتماعيا يبقى مجرد "دعاية مستدامة" موجهة للسوق العالمية من أجل خدمة "استراتيجية الريادة الصناعية"، وأن عدم تحمل المقاولة لمسؤوليتها الاجتماعية والأخلاقية تجاه محيطها، أنتج مفارقة "مقاولة تنجح في محيط يفشل".

Impact of Systematic Dairy Farm Management on Milk Production in Sindh

The study examines the impact of systematic (proper) dairy farm management on milk production with reference to analysis of dairy farming patterns in Sindh. In this context, the approach of Micro Dairy Farm Environment (MDFE) and Macro Dairy Farm Environment (MDFE) was developed and on the basis of that loom the Cattle Feeding Management (CFM), Cattle Housing Management (CHM), Milk Marketing Management (MMM), Dairy Farm Human Resource Management (DFHM), Cattle Health Management (CHM), Cattle Record Keeping Management (KRKM), and Breeding Management (BR), Government Control on Milk Price (GCMP), Financial and Institutional Support to Farmers (FISF) such as Veterinary Services (VS), Regular Farmers Awareness Programs (RFAP), Cattle Breeding Centers (CBR), Milk Marketing Facility (MMF), Mitigating Monopoly of Middleman (MMM), Dairy Investment Policy (DIP) Dairy Farmers Union (EDFU) were selected as a research parameter. Moreover, the standards of dairy farm management were divided into systematic (proper) and unsystematic (improper) dairy farm management. In the last stage the impact of systematic and unsystematic dairy farm management on milk production is measured. In this questionnaire, field notes and observational method base study the data was collected from 500 dairy farmers of upper, central and lower Sindh province of Pakistan, whereas milk collectors (middleman), milk wholesalers, milk retailers, livestock directorate, and veterinary staff was also sampling subject. The data has been analyzed through wilcoxin sign rank, wilcoxin sum rank, one way ANOVA and Pearson correlation tests. It is concluded that Micro and Macro Dairy Farm Institutions in Sindh are very poor which effects on milk production, market value of milk and damages precious dairy resources which worth approximately more than 3 billion dollars. The mismanagement prevails in various forms in dairy farming; farmers are unaware from cattle housing management; about 91% farmers fed their livestock at low nutritional value (LNV) such as 37% low protein, 42.3% low level of minerals and carbohydrates, 19% less quantity of balance ration which illustrates to Poor cattle Feeding Management (CFM). The limited space for cattle, filthy milk collection lay, nominal or no use of disinfectants, poor sanitation, unavailability of separate milking room are common problems on each dairy farm in Sindh. The prevalence of Endo and Ecto parasitic diseases is widespread, 99.8% dairy farmers are unaware from Cattle Health Management (CHM), Vaccination, Deworming, Cattle Record (CR) keeping, and Calf Rearing Techniques (CRT). The dairy farmers of Sindh has drastic problem in Milk Marketing. This phenomenon highlights that dairy farming patterns are traditional in Sindh. Accordingly, per cattle milk yield in unsystematic dairy farm management is about 3.9 liters Per Milking Time (PTM) where as in systematic dairy farm management per cattle milk yield is 5.8 liters PTM in same age and milking cycle of cattle. Hence, the systematic dairy farm management has significant positive impact on milk yield. Thus, the traditional farming can be converted into systematic dairy farming through application of “management functions” in all components of dairy farming mainly farmers training, financial support, easy access to veterinary services, establishment of cattle breeding centers and importantly developing an organize milk marketing channels in Sindh.