جزئیات نگاری
ناطق نے ناول میں جزئیات نگاری سے کام لیاہے عصری دور میں جزئیات نگاری کواتنی اہمیت نہیں دی جاتی۔مصنف نے اس کے برعکس اپنے ناول’’کماری والا‘‘میں جزئیات نگاری کو بڑھا دیا ہے اور ہر ایک واقعے کی جزئیات کو بیان کیا ہے۔اس طرح ایک طرف تو تحریر میں خوبصورتی پیدا ہوئی پر ساتھ ساتھ کہانی غیر ضروری طوالت میں چلی گئی۔ وہ اپنی زندگی میں جن حالات سے گزر چکے ہیں انھوں نے ان سب کو بتانے کی کوشش کی ہے۔ایک ایک پل کو اس طرح بتایا ہے کہ قاری’’ضامن‘‘کی زندگی کو جزئیات نگاری کی وجہ سے مکمل جانتا ہے وہ کب ،کس پل ،کہاں ،کیا کرتا ہے سب باتوں کو ناطق نے تفصیلاًبیان کیا ہے۔بات یہ بھی درست ہے کہ جب قاری ناول پڑھتا ہے تو اسے خود حالات و واقعات کو مکمل جان لینے کی دھن ہوتی ہے۔اس لیے اگر مصنف نے ان حالات کو مدنظر نہ رکھا ہو تا تو ناول صرف ایک بیانیہ کہلاتا۔جزئیات نگاری قاری کی دلچسپی کو بڑھاتی ہے۔مصنف نے بھی ناول میں مکمل ماحول کا نقشہ قاری کے ذہن میں ابھارا ہے اپنی جزئیات نگاری کی مدد سے یہ قاری کیلئے انہماک کا ذریعہ ہے۔
مقصد حیات
ہم جو بھی پڑھتے ہیں اس سے متاثر ضرور ہوتے ہیں۔اسی طرح ناول نگار بھی کسی زندگی کی عکاسی کرتاہے اور جس زندگی کی عکاسی کر رہا ہوتا ہے وہ مقصد سے خالی نہیں ہوتی۔ناول نگار قاری کیاحساسات کے بارے میں آگاہ ہوتا ہے۔اس لیے وہ انسانی نفسیات کو سمجھتے ہوئے ایک کہانی تخلیق کرتا ہے۔ایک استاد کی طرح اپنی بات کو قاری کے ذہن تک پہنچانے کا مقصد صرف اور صرف یہ ہوتا ہے کہ ایک خاص قسم کا فلسفہ اس کے ذہن میں زبردستی ڈالا جاتا...
Women have played an important role in the society sine time immemorial. In our era they are faced with even more responsibility but at the same time are also confronted with a lot of problems. In our part of the world some cultural attitudes still discourage them from getting their established rights. The factors responsible for this phenomenan interalaia include societal norms, orthodoxy and some social customs contrary to Islamic instructions. For instance discrimination against women could be in terms of inadequate nutrition, denial or limited access to education, health and property rights, child labour, domestic violence and forceful marriage. The Islamic instructions, derived from the Qur’┐n and Sunnah, clearly describe women’s rights but, due to some socio-religious customs and undesirable behaviour, her societal status and role has been badly affected. In this paper, some social customs have been analyzed in the context of Islamic instructions in order to provide academic material for bringing positive change in the society.
Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is one of oldest domesticated specie and a major staple food of around 3 billion people in the world. An investigation to find out the genetic diversity among 113 cold tolerant rice accessions acquired from plant genetic resource institute (PGRI) origionally obtained from Northern Areas of Pakistan along with three check varieties (Super Basmati, IR6, and JP5) was conducted. Morpho-physiological data was recorded for 19 qualitative and 19 quantitative traits at different growth stages during the summer season 2014 at two locations. The data was analyzed by cluster analysis and principal component analyses (PCA). Results revealed significant level of variability for all the morphological traits. Maximum variation was observed in grain yield plant-1, (433.92 g) and plant height (311.28 cm). The accessions were grouped into seven clusters based on Euclidean dissimilarity index. PCA based on 19 quantitative traits showed that first five PCs accounted for 67.86% of the total variance, PCI explained 28.41%, PCII contributed 13.38% and PCIII accounted for 11.69% of total variation. Polymorphic genetic markers were also used to identify species relationship and to asses the degree of genetic diversity in the accessions. On the basis of absence and presence of 18 visible polypeptides, an electrophoretic profile was established for construction of dendrogram through UPGMA method. A significant amount of variation was revealed in Glutelin and Prolamin subunits, while low variation was observed in Albumin and Globulin subunits. It can be inferred from the present investigation that lower genetic diversity was xiv present in rice accessions based on total seed storage protein profile SDS-PAGE alone was found to be insufficient for reliable differentiation. High yielding 96 accessions were selected through morphological and biochemical characterization for the determination of allelic variability through microsatellite analysis using 36 SSR markers. An average of 3.5 alleles per locus were observed. Polymorphism Information Content (PIC) value with an average of 0.638 per locus was observed. From the results it is concluded that SSR markers were effective in detecting polymorphism in the accessions studied and other crops with high genetic similarity. Bacterial leaf blight is one of the most serious diseases of rice in world. For molecular characterization of these accessions against bacterial blight and fragrance, tightly linked STS markers were used to amplify the target fragment. Accessions were also analyzed for presence or absence of bacterial blight resistant genes (Xa4, xa5, xa13, Xa21 and fgr) through PCR amplification using STS primers. Out of 96 accessions 42 accessions were found to have Xa4 resistant gene, while 50 accessions were found to have xa13 resistant gene. Fifty two accessions were found to have xa5 resistant gene which is most prevalent gene in Northern areas germplasm, Xa21 resistance gene and fgr gene were found to be absent in the germplasm studied.