علاقة الذات بالصفات الإلهية في فكر محيى الدين بن عربي

The Oneness of Allah is the most important belief in the Islamic faith. Allah SWT is one in His Self, His attributes, and His acts. His self is neither composite nor divisible in any way. The effort to understand how the unity and uniqueness of God is compatible with the diversity of His attributes produced many explanations and doctrines throughout the Islamic History. The most famous doctrine is the Asha’riah position, that the attributes neither identical to the self of Allah nor different from it. The Mutazilah deny the divine qualities in order to maintain the unity of God. This article attempts to explain the position taken on this question by Muhyiddin Ibn Arabi – one of the most famous Sufi scholars. He tried to resolve the problem in his own way, based on his conception of “nisab”.

Neuropharmacological Studies on Memory Enhancing and Reinforcing Effects of Cns Stimulants in Rats Exposed to Unpredictable Repeated Stress

There is growing increase in the prevalence of depression and obesity. In addition there is growing need of cognitive enhancers. CNS stimulants seem to be effective alternative for all these therapies but are addictive. Apomoprhine, a D1/D2 agonist also produces CNS stimulant like effects. The present study is designed to monitor antidepressant and cognitive improving effects of apomorphine, methylphenidate and caffeine in rats exposed to unpredictable repeated stress. Antidepressant like effects was monitored as the ability of drug to reduce stress effects on locomotion in a familiar as well as novel environment. Reinforcing effects of drug were monitored as drug-induced behavioral sensitization and place preference in a CPP paradigm. Cognitive performance and drug-induced enhancement of learning and memory were monitored in a Morris Water Maze Test. Apomoprhine, methylphenidate and caffeine exhibit antidepressant like effects by producing hyperlocomtion and anorexia. Long term administration of moderate dose of apomorphine and low doses of methylphenidate and coffee produces sensitization and enhances CPP greater in stressed animals. However when apomorphine is experienced during the exposure of unpredictable repeated stress it suppresses stress effects and enhances locomotion, drug induced sensitization was also smaller. Single as well as repeated administration of low dose of methylphenidate enhances short term and long term memory whereas high dose enhances memory retention and produces sensitization and reinforcement. Coffee is also effective in reducing stress-induced cognitive impairment, but reinforcing when taken at high dose specially for stressful conditions. The present study shows that CNS stimulants such as methylphenidate and caffeine can reduce stress effects and may be useful for the treatment of depression. Apomorphine which also produces CNS stimulant like effects is also similarly effective. Moreover the present results tend to suggest that psychostimulant as well as apomorphine can improve cognitive performance and alleviate stress-induced memory impairment. Psychostimulant as well as apomorphine have addictive potential and should not be used for long term.