اسلام میں اہلیت اجتہاد کا معیار

Ijtihad is not an ordinary matter, but an important and sensible religious responsibility from Sharia’h perspective. That is why, Islam does notpermits everyone to indulge in, rather imposes some pre-requisites of widespread knowledge, penetrating insight, intellectual wisdom and similar ext ra ordinary capabilities, without which Ijtihad is deemed as unacceptable and unauthentic. Similarly, any such so-called Ijtihad is also worthless which is not based on knowledge and argument. Several threats have been mentioned in Ahadith on such types of Ijtihad. However, acceptable and reward earning Ijtihad is one which is based on knowledge and arguments, fulfilling all pre-requisite conditions for the task. The essential conditions for indulging in Ijtihad are: expertise in Arabic language, deep understanding of Quran and Sunnah, knowledge of principles of Islamic jurisprudence especially analogy (Qayas), God-gifted intellect and wisdom, know- how about demands of contemporary age, knowledge about demanding situation for making Ijtihad, its procedure and about Shariah perspectives in this regard, and piousness. These conditions are agreed upon with consensus. Besides, there are some conditions which arouse difference of opinion, e.g. Knowledge of Usul-e-Deen, Logics, and particular problems of Islamic jurisprudence, etc. Some scholars consider them amongst essential conditions for Ijtihad, while rest majority do not deem them as necessary. Allama Shatibi, in his individual opinion contradicting to that of majority, has allowed for non-Muslims also to do Ijtihad. However, majority of scholars opine that Islam is the first pre-requisite condition for the task, hence non-Muslim is not capable for that.

Association Between Elevated Third Trimester Maternal Haemoglobin and Neonatal Gestational Age Adjusted Birth Weight

Background: Women tend to have lower haemoglobin compared to men due to menstrual blood losses. This is often compounded by nutritional deficiencies. There is a further drop in haemoglobin during pregnancy due to red cell dilution. Pregnancy itself places a huge demand on maternal iron stores. High haemoglobin may reflect haemoconcentration due to a failure of the normal physiological expansion in plasma volume. Iron excess has also been associated with free-radical damage. In current practice, high maternal haemoglobin in pregnancy is often not given as much attention as anaemia. This study examines the association between high maternal haemoglobin in the third trimester and neonatal birth weights as well as other maternal and neonatal outcomes. Objectives: To determine the potential association between elevated third trimester maternal haemoglobin and neonatal gestational age adjusted birth weights at term. Methods: In this retrospective cohort study, women delivering at the Aga Khan University Hospital’s maternity unit who had either normal or high haemoglobin levels in their third trimester of pregnancy were recruited at delivery. Information about the pregnancy outcome was then recorded for analysis. The primary outcome measure was neonatal gestational age adjusted birth weights. Results: No difference was found in the proportions of small for gestational age newborns between mothers with elevated haemoglobin and those with normal haemoglobin in the third trimester [9.9% 95% CI (7.4 to 13.1) and 9.7% 95% CI (6.5 to 13.8) respectively]. Similarly no difference was detected in the secondary outcomes of maternal hypertension, mode of delivery as well as other neonatal outcomes, though the study was not powered to detect differences in these outcomes. Conclusion: There is evidence of no association between elevated maternal haemoglobin in the third trimester and small for gestational age newborns in this study population.