Woman’s Share in Inheritance: Islamic Teachings, State Law and Contemporary Pashtun Traditions in District Bannu and Lakki Marwat

The woman was once considered a commodity and property of her male partner that was to be used for satisfying physical needs and procreation. There was no concept of woman rights in its ideal sense for many centuries in east and the west. Though socialists and historians claim that woman was once head of the family in the agricultural age due to certain factors of that age, the plight of women throughout various phases of history is pityful. It was when Islam came that the just rights for women were granted to them keeping in view their innate capabilities and requirement. The Islamic law of inheritance is one of such rights that accommodate and preserve economic needs of a woman in view of her rights and responsibilities as a mother, sister, daughter, and wife. Muslim states in the current age have also legislated and enforced certain laws in accordance with these Qur’anic principles. Contemporary Pashtun society, mainly a male-dominant society, indicates quite an opposite approach towards woman’s share in inheritance, however. An attempt has been made in this paper to study and explore the context, factors, and impacts of the Pashtun social traditions regarding women’s share in inheritance and explain the teachings of Islam based on rationality and divine wisdom and highlight the State Law in this respect as well.

A Study of Effectiveness of Quality Assurance Measures Applied at University Level in Punjab.

The present research entitled ―A Study of the Effectiveness of Quality Assurance Measures Applied at University Level in Punjab‖ was a survey study. The main objectives of the study were to review, differentiate, evaluate, and give recommendation regarding the enhancement of quality assurance measures applied at university levels in Pakistan. 77 academic administrators (out of 100), 194 university faculty (out of 200), and 1000 students were taken and selected randomly from 20 universities (out of 44) in the Punjab as a sample of the study. The data was collected through three questionnaires developed by the researcher using five point Likert type rating scales. The instrument was distributed personally to 100 academic administrators, 200 university faculty and 1000 students. The data was analyzed and the results were interpreted in terms of percentage ii mean score value and median. A majority of respondents such as academic administrators, university faculty and students agreed that academic programs are evaluated according to HEC prescribed criteria, there is need to provide training in management and leadership to administrators, university faculty perform academic duties relevant to their abilities, and students like prevalent evaluation system of universities. It was recommended that the quality assurance measures may be given proper weightage practically at the time of faculty promotion and recruitment without political interference;