سیرت نبوی ﷺ: ایک تحقیقی جائزہ

Prophet Hood consists of guidance from Allah to humankind. It is a Allah given blessing and a favor that is bestowed on an individual chosen be Him to convey His message, which cannot be acquired or earned otherwise. There has never been a human being so well-respected, loved and followed as Muhammad (SAW), the final messenger of Allah. There has never been a person who has changed world history so dramatically as Muhammad (SAW) and his message. The Prophet (SAW) was the single most important person in the history of the world. Knowledge of the Prophetic Biography is necessary for every Muslim and sharing it with everyone is a responsibility. The importance of a complete biography of the Messenger as available to us cannot be under estimated in this troubled time since both Muslims as well as Non-Muslims have serious knowledge gap when it comes to even approaching the nature of the Final Prophet and the Ultimate Messenger of God sent to all of humanity, who came to restore the primordial religion of Man, the submission to Allah and His Commands. Muhammad (SAW) serves as: - Allah’s messenger and prophet to all mankind as an example of human behavior and noble character Therefore, in studying his life-story we should derive lessons and morals that can help us in our lives today.

Prevalence of Bladder Dysfunction in Children With Primary Nocturnal Enuresis Presenting to the Hospital

Introduction: Bladder dysfunction is thought to be a common cause of nocturnal enuresis. It can either be overactive, underactive or dysfunctional. Currently, there is a paucity of data on what proportions of children with nocturnal enuresis have bladder dysfunction. Studies have shown the prevalence of bladder dysfunction to be as high as 77-94.5% (28), and children with bladder dysfunction have poor response to treatment. There are currently no protocols for investigating and managing children with nocturnal enuresis. The decision for bladder ultrasound is usually made by the primary physician, and at times after the child has been on treatment for a long duration. Studies have shown boys are affected more than girls. Nocturnal Enuresis causes psychological stress and low self-esteem in the child (2). Diagnosis is made by history taking and examination of the child. Bladder ultrasounds and urodynamic studies are not routinely done to rule out bladder dysfunction, and therefore the prevalence of bladder dysfunction in children with NE is underreported. Objectives: This study was designed to investigate the prevalence of bladder dysfunction in children with primary nocturnal enuresis presenting to Aga Khan University Hospital and Gertrude’s Children Hospital. In addition, the type of bladder dysfunction and the factors associated with bladder dysfunction Methodology: It was a cross sectional study carried out in children between the age group five to eighteen years presenting with primary nocturnal enuresis to Aga Khan University Hospital and Gertrude’s Children Hospital. Fifty-six children with primary nocturnal enuresis were recruited for the study. A questionnaire was completed by the parent/caregiver/ child ≥ 18 years. Bladder ultrasound was done to determine the bladder volume and bladder wall thickness, which was used to calculate the bladder volume wall index, which was compared to normal bladder volume wall index (BVWI) for age. (27) Results: the prevalence of bladder dysfunction using the BVWI in children between five to eighteen years presenting with primary nocturnal enuresis to Aga Khan University Hospital and Gertrude’s Children Hospital was 92.9% (52 children). The male to female ratio was 1:1. The prevalence of overactive bladder was 92.9% (95 % CI 82.7 – 98%) (52) and 7.1% (4) of children had normoactive bladder, there was no child with underactive bladder. The prevalence of bladder dysfunction was noted to be the similar to other studies. (28) Conclusion: The prevalence of bladder dysfunction in enuretic children seen in Kenyan referral facilities is high. It is important for