Importance of Evidence of DNA in Perspective of Islamic Jurisprudence

DNA or Genetic fingerprinting technology is the topic of the day. It has revolutionized the forensic science. Islamic Jurisprudence has its own procedure and priorities of evidences, which mainly depend upon eyewitness, personal evidence and testimony. It was introduced in 1984. It is used in the identification of parentage, forensic sciences, treatment and diagnosis of diseases. The sequence of base pairs varies from person to person and the relativity of persons is identified by identifying the matching of base pairs. The Contemporary International Institutions of Collective Ijtih฀d have launched heavy discussions on this new evidence and reviewed relevant serious law making efforts based on it, which results in very valuable Fat฀w฀ and resolutions, regarding the use of DNA techniques, as evidence in criminal cases and its limitations and scope in Islamic Jurisprudence. This article discusses and concludes that the genetic fingerprinting technique should be used for the attestation of the cases related to it, along with the traditional way to acquire evidences, even though, it does not have self-sustaining priority, but depends upon other evidences for making a judicial verdict. Like other forensic evidences, it has also errors and intervening factors that limit its accuracy. Therefore, the decisions of crimes liable to ฀ud฀d, Qi฀฀฀ and Diyyat should not depend only upon DNA fingerprinting. Thus, we can say that in the absence of stipulated evidences, rebuking punishment may be sentenced on the basis the evidence of DNA.

Development and Analysis of Batch and Continuous Crystallization Models

This thesis presents the development and simulation of batch and continuous crystallization models. Especially, models are derived for simulating batch and continuous enantioselec- tive preferential crystallization processes in single and coupled crystallizers. Such processes are highly important in chemical and pharmaceutical industries. The effects of nucleation, growth, and fines dissolution phenomena on the crystal size distribution (CSD) are inves- tigated. For the first time continuous preferential crystallization is investigated and the effects of different seeding and operating strategies on the process are analyzed. To judge the quality of the process some goal functions are used, such as purity, productivity, yield and mean crystal size of the preferred enantiomer. The semi-discrete high resolution finite volume schemes (HR-FVS) and the discontinuous Galerkin (DG) finite element method are proposed for solving these models. The resulting systems of ordinary differential equa- tions (ODEs) are solved by using explicit and nonlinearly stable high order Runge- Kutta method. The schemes satisfy the total variation bounded (TVB) property which guarantees the positivity of the schemes, for example the non-negativity of CSD in the present case. The suggested methods have capabilities to capture sharp discontinuities and narrow peaks of the CSD. In DG-schemes, the accuracy of the method can be improved by introducing additional nodes in the same solution element and, thus, avoids the expansion of mesh stencils which is normally observed in high order finite volume schemes. For that reason, the method can be easily applied up to boundary cells without loosing accuracy. It was found that the proposed numerical schemes have the capability to solve the given models more efficiently and accurately. The results support process design and optimization.