استفہام بمعنیٰ تعجب
استفہامیہ اسلوب تعجب کے لیے بھی استعمال ہوتا ہے جیسے آیت کریمہ:
"يَاأَيُّهَا الْإِنْسَانُ مَا غَرَّكَ بِرَبِّكَ الْكَرِيمِ"۔ [[1]]
"اے انسان تجھے کس چیز نے اپنے اس پروردگار کے معاملے میں دھوکا لگا دیا ہے جو بڑا کرم والا ہے ) میں استفہامیہ اسلوب اظہار تعجب کے لیے ہے کہ اگر خدا تمہیں برابر ڈھیل دے رہا ہے تو تم نے اس ذات کریمی سے بہت سخت دھوکا کھایا"۔
" أَيَحْسَبُ الْإِنْسَانُ أَلَّنْ نَجْمَعَ عِظَامَهُ”[[2]]
"کیا انسان یہ سمجھ رہا ہے کہ ہم اس کی ہڈیوں کو اکٹھا نہیں کر سکیں گے؟"
"أَيَحْسَبُ الْإِنْسَانُ أَنْ يُتْرَكَ سُدًى “[[3]]
"کیا انسان یہ سمجھتا ہے کہ اسے یونہی چھوڑ دیا جائے گا؟"۔
ان آیات میں اللہ تعالیٰ حیرت و استعجاب کے ساتھ کہ رہا ہے کہ انسان آفاق وانفس کی تمام نشانیوں اور اپنی خلقت و ممات کو دیکھتے ہوئے بعث بعد الموت کے بارے میں شک میں پڑا ہوا ہے کیا اسے یہ پوری کائنات نظر نہیں آتی۔ کیا اسے غیر مسؤل چھوڑ دیا جائے گا۔
" مَا لَكُمْ كَيْفَ تَحْكُمُونَ"[[4]]
"تمہیں کیا ہو گیا ہے ؟ تم کیسی باتیں طے کر لیتے ہو "۔
یہ متکبرین سے بانداز تعجب سوال ہے کہ تمہیں کیا ہو گیا ہے کس طرح کے فیصلے کرنے لگے ہو کہ آخرت اور جزا سزا کو نہیں مانتے ۔
" لِأَيِّ يَوْمٍ أُجِّلَتْ ، لِيَوْمِ الْفَصْلِ"۔ [
Purpose: This study empirically investigates the relation between education level and employees’ performance working in public sector universities from the viewpoint of Islamic religiosity when religious affiliations play mediating role. It has been experienced that more educated people are found to be more involved in performing tasks related to the religious affiliations. Due to the fact that people with higher education found less time to complete their religious obligations, they are more involved in alternative arrangements like charity and donations to fulfill the hunger of religious attainments. Therefore, in order to satisfy themselves religiously, they are more involved in religious affiliations. This high involvement in fulfilling religious arrangements impacts their individual job performance which is necessary to explore. Research Methodology: Data was gathered from the public sector university employees of Pakistan. Out of 900 distributed questionnaires, 520 were received with response rate of 73.65%. Regression analysis is performed in order to determine the association between level of education and individual performance. Further, in order to determine the mediating role of religious affiliations, the Barren and Kerry (1984) model is applied. Findings: Using questionnaire survey the results of the study showed that level of education significantly impacts the religious affiliations in positive manner and high religious affiliations increase the individual job performance. The results at this point indicated that an unobservable indicator, like propensity for logical rationale induces individuals for higher education and ultimately high religious affiliations. Recommendations: Based upon the results, it is recommended that religiosity and ethical values in management set up are need to be escorted by public reforms to let the identification of employees to their work values and their obligation to the performance of work-related tasks. Originality: This study would be a clear contribution in the field of human behavior towards making alternative arrangements in order to fulfill religious obligations and at the same time identifying the mediating role of religious attainments in determining their individual performance.
Wastewater from agrochemical industries is disposed off without any treatment into nearby water bodies; hence there is a dire need to improve remediation approaches for its removal from environment. It is hypothesized that bacterial strains present in wastewater, after acclimatization, could use Chlorpyrifos (CP) as a sole source of carbon and energy and convert it into less toxic substances, both in free as well as immobilized form. Current study aimed at isolation of bacterial consortium capable of efficient CP biodegradation in mineral salt media (MSM), simulated pesticide wastewater (SWW) and real industrial wastewater (WW) in free and immobilized form. In order to produce environmentally stable immobilization matrix for bacterial consortium, potential of calcium alginate matrix coupled with polysulfone was investigated. Biodegradation potential of bacterial consortium isolated from wastewater and agricultural soil, for CP in MSM, SWW and WW was investigated. Bacterial consortium was immobilized in Calcium Alginate Microspheres (CAMs) and coated with polysulfone to produce environmentally stable macrocapsules (MCs). Bacterial strains were identified using 16S rRNA nucleotide sequence analysis as Pseudomonas kilonensis SRK1 (KT013088), Serratia marcescens SRK2 (KT013089), Bacillus pumilus SRK4 (KT013091), Achromobacter xylosoxidans SRK5 (KT013092) and Klebsiella sp. T13 (KT013093). About 98% CP removal was observed at initial CP concentration of 400 mg/L in 48 h in MSM when free cells were used as consortium. In WW bacterial consortium achieved ~29% removal efficiency of initial CP concentration (545 mg/L). After pH adjustment and addition of glucose in WW >97% CP removal efficiency was achieved in WW. MCs have high thermal, pH and chemical stability than CAMs. Complete biodegradation of CP (100-600 mg/L) was achieved using MCs within 18 h much less than free cells. CAMs and MCs retain >96% residual activity in MSM upto 5 and 13 cycles respectively. In WW >90 residual activity was maintained upto 11batches by MCs. MCs have shown unaltered biomass retention and residual activity (95%) over 16 weeks of storage. GCMS analysis has shown 3, 5, 6-trichloro-2-pyridinol (TCP), 3, 5, 6-trichloro-2methoxypyridine (TMP) and diethyl-thiophosphate (DETP) as metabolites. MCs have shown considerable benefits over free cells i.e. tolerance for higher CP concentration, complete removal in short duration, reusability, stability, protecting bacterial cells against nontargeted compounds present in wastewater. Study advances potential for field application of immobilized bacteria for biotreatment of pesticide contaminated wastewater.