سید عبدالحکیم دیسنوی
سیدی صاحب کے متعلقین میں دوسرا حادثہ عبدالحکیم صاحب دیسنوی کی وفات کا ہے، وہ رشتہ میں سید صاحبؒ کے چچا ہوتے تھے، مگر دونوں میں حقیقی چچا بھتیجے جیسے تعلقات تھے، دونوں ایک دوسرے کو بہت مانتے تھے، مرحوم سید صاحبؒ کی ہر ترقی اور ہر اعزاز پر بے انتہا مسرور ہوتے تھے، سید صاحبؒ بھی اپنے تمام نجی حالات اور علمی و قومی مشاغل کی اطلاع برابر ان کو دیتے رہتے تھے۔ اس لیے سید صاحبؒ کے مکاتیب کا سب سے بڑا ذخیرہ ان ہی کے پاس تھا۔ دونوں میں ۱۹۰۴-۵ء سے لے کر سید صاحبؒ کی وفات ۱۹۵۴ء یعنی تقریباً نصف صدی تک خط و کتابت رہی، یہ سارے خطوط سید عبدالحکیم صاحب نے محفوط رکھے اور سید صاحب کی وفات کے بعد دارالمصنفین کے حوالہ کردیئے جو اس کا بڑا قیمتی سرمایہ ہیں۔
سید عبدالحکیم صاحب کی تعلیم بہت معمولی تھی، لیکن ذوق علمی رکھتے تھے اور کتابوں کے مطالعہ سے انھوں نے اچھی خاصی استعداد بہم پہنچائی تھی، ان کا سب سے بڑا کارنامہ دیسنہ کا اردو کتب خانہ ہے، یہ کتب خانہ اس لحاظ سے ہندوستان میں بے مثل ہے کہ اس میں اردو کی اکثر مطبوعہ کتابیں اور پرانے اخبارات و رسائل کے مکمل فائل موجود ہیں جو دوسرے کتب خانوں میں مشکل سے مل سکتے ہیں، یہ کتب خانہ زیادہ تر سید عبدالحکیم صاحب کی کوشش کا نتیجہ ہے۔ انھوں نے اس کو اپنی زندگی کا مقصد بنالیا تھا، اردو کے شائقین اور اس کے ریسرچ اسکالر دور دور سے اس کو دیکھنے اور اس سے فائدہ اٹھانے کے لیے جاتے ہیں۔ سید صاحبؒ سے تعلق کی بناء پر مرحوم کو دارالمصنفین سے بڑا گہرا تعلق تھا، اگرچہ وہ اس کے کوئی عہدہ دار یا رکن نہ تھے لیکن اس کی ہواخواہی میں سب سے...
Islam is considered to be the religion of nature due to its originality and suitability to human nature for all times or centuries. It continues to be successful in the developed world, and elsewhere, because its call is in accordance with the fitrah or natural inclinations of mankind. Allah, subhanahu wata'aala, is the creator of mankind and therefore knows his nature more intricately than mankind himself. Allah has therefore chosen for us a religion best suited to the nature of mankind, a religion that goes neither to the extremes of hardship nor of laxity, but instead provides a middle path; in other words, a religion of ease. Islam does not lay on people tasks that they cannot do or they will have difficulty in doing. Whenever, there is any difficulty performing any religious obligation faced by Muslims, they have provided an element of ease and comfort. In this regard, the focus of this paper is to throw light on the notion of ease and leniency of Islam.
Brucellosis is a highly infectious disease which induces significant economic losses to the livestock industry by causing abortion and production losses in ruminants. Additionally, Brucella has zoonotic potential to cause Malta fever in humans. Brucella has many species which infect their particular hosts. However mix livestock farming and sharing of same pasture may enhance cross-species transmission to non-preferred hosts. Cross-transmission of Brucella species to peripheral hosts greatly complicates the diagnosis of brucellosis in both animals and humans. There are many risk factors involved in brucellosis. Among these factors ectoparasites, particularly ticks, are important vectors that haven’t received much scrutiny from epidemiologists investigating this disease. Ticks belong to class Arachnida and subclass Acarina. Ticks harbor uncountable microbes in their gut and as a clade transmit bacterial, viral, and protozoal pathogens to animals and humans; these pathogens are referred to as tick-borne diseases (TBD). Brucella is one of the TBD which has been reported previously in many countries, in Pakistan, however, no investigations have been conducted regarding brucellosis in ticks. In view of the economic importance of brucellosis, the present study was designed to investigate the inter-species transmission of brucellosis in nonpreferred hosts using molecular-based tests, comparative evaluation of molecular techniques and preferred clinical specimens for diagnosis of brucellosis, to investigate the role of ticks as vectors of brucellosis and histopathological investigations of skin and hides of tick infested ruminants. In present study blood, serum and ticks were collected from 692 tick infested cattle, 798 buffalo, 471 sheep and 960 goats having a history of abortions in a farm, sharing of same pasture, close contact and mixed farming of small and large ruminants. All serum samples were subjected to screening with Rose-Bengal Plate test. After screening with RBPT the seropositive serum samples were subjected to duplex conventional and real-time PCR for diagnosis of brucellosis, crosstransmission of Brucella species, and comparative evaluation of real-time PCR with conventional PCR. The blood samples of respective seropositive samples were subjected to real-time PCR for comparative evaluation of serum with the blood for a preferred specimen. Seronegative samples were also diagnosed by real-time PCR assay to investigate the role of non-reactive ruminants in brucellosis. Ticks harvested from real-time PCR positive ruminants were identified; female ticks were subjected to real-time PCR assay. The tissue samples of naturally tick infested skins and hides were studied at the microscopic level. We uncovered cross-species transmission of B. abortus in caprine and ovine serum samples while B. melitensis DNA traces were detected in bovine serum samples. Brucellosis was detected in seronegative small and large ruminants. We also developed and tested a real-time PCR assay more sensitive than conventional PCR and established that brucellosis detection was more accurate when serum samples were used rather than whole blood. The presence of DNA from several Brucella species were detected in ticks using real-time PCR assay. Histopathological examination showed ticks cause significant damage to skin and hides by inducing degenration of the epidermal layer from basal layer, collagen degeneration with a focal area of necrosis, adjacent subdermal abscess and infiltration of neutrophils. Control of ticks should be given consideration to reduce the severity of hide damage and concomitant losses in the domestic leather industry. Ticks are known as a vector of numerous pathogens; efforts are underway to educate farmers about financial loss of skin and hide due to tick infestation and preventive control measures